Abstract: The assessment of geological environment carrying capacity is the basis of the land spatial planning. Based on the comprehensive study of the characteristics and problems of the geological environment such as the regional structural stability, the prone degree of geological disasters, the sensitivity of land desertification and the geochemical background of soil quality in China, combined with the division of geological environment, a differential assessment index system is constructed, and the layer superposition method based on layer analysis is used to carry out the comprehensive evaluation of the carrying capacity of the national geological environments. The environmental carrying capacity is divided into five grades: high, relatively high, medium, relatively low and low. The area accounts for 15.44%, 22.43%, 26.13%, 11.34% and 24.66% of the land area respectively. The study of different restrictive factors and degree of regional geological environments indicates that the areas with high carrying capacity of geological environment are mainly distributed in Northeast Plain, Central China and Sichuan Basin.