Development characteristics and reactivation trend of Zhama ancient landslide in Batang, Sichuan
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摘要:
扎马古滑坡是位于川西巴塘断裂带内的一个大型古滑坡，通过遥感解译、现场调查、钻探等手段，揭示扎马古滑坡体积约2840×104m3。研究表明，扎马古滑坡局部具有复活特征，在平面上可分为滑坡后壁（Ⅰ）和滑坡体（Ⅱ）2个分区；根据滑坡变形情况将该区划分为中部局部稳定区（Ⅱ1）和前缘强变形区（Ⅱ2、Ⅱ3），Ⅱ2和Ⅱ3以坡体前缘的冲沟为界。钻探揭露扎马滑坡体发育两级滑带，其中钻孔ZK1揭露滑带位置为31.8~33.4 m和77.7~81 m，钻孔ZK2揭露滑带位置为46.6~47.6 m和68.2~69.8 m。扎马古滑坡变形受强降雨、地震、人类工程活动等影响，目前以局部变形为主，坡体前缘陡坡部位在汛期发生次级滑动，中部因修建公路开挖诱发多处滑塌，坡体上的侵蚀沟在强降雨作用下发生小规模泥石流。FLAC3D数值模拟表明，在天然工况下扎马古滑坡体后缘发生的位移较大，形成推移式滑坡；在暴雨工况下，滑坡体后缘与坡脚部位均发生剪切变形，易产生贯通滑动面并沿此面发生牵引式滑坡。综合分析认为，该滑坡在强震、强降雨、人类工程活动等影响下，可能沿着滑面发生整体复活。
Abstract:The Zhama ancient landslide is a large-scale one located in the Batang fault in western Sichuan. The remote sensing interpretation, field investigation and drilling revealed that the Zhama ancient landslide has a volume of about 2840×104 m3. The Zhama ancient landslide has local resurrection features, which can be divided into two subregions, the rear collapse(Ⅰ) and slide body(Ⅱ). According to the landslide deformation, the slide body can be divided into the middle part of the local stable region(Ⅱ1) and the front of the strong deformation region(Ⅱ2, Ⅱ3). Ⅱ2 and Ⅱ3 are bounded by the gullies at the front edge of the slope. Drilling revealed that two-level slip zones were developed in the Zhama landslide body. The location of two-level slip zones revealed by ZK1 was at 31.8~33.4 m and 77.7~81 m, and that by ZK2 was at 46.6~47.6 m and 68.2~69.8 m. The deformation of the Zhama ancient landslide was affected by heavy rainfall, earthquakes, and human engineering activities. At present, it is mainly local deformation.Secondary sliding occurs in the steep slope part of the front edge of the slope during the flood period. In the middle part, the landslide was induced by road excavation. The erosion ditch on the mountain caused small-scale debris flow under the action of heavy rainfall. The FLAC3D numerical simulation of the Zhama ancient landslide indicates that under natural conditions, the displacement at the trailing edge of the landslide body is relatively large, causing the formation of moving landslide; under heavy rain conditions, shear deformation occurs on the trailing edge and the toe of the landslide body, and it is easy to produce a through sliding surface and a traction landslide along this surface. It is suggested from comprehensive analysis that under the influence of strong earthquakes, heavy rainfall, and human engineering activities, the landslide may resurrect as a whole along the sliding surface.
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图 1 四川省巴塘县扎马滑坡地质背景图
Figure 1. Geological background of Zhama landslide in Batang County, Sichuan Province
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图 2 巴塘断裂带空间展布图(a)及扎马滑坡遥感影像图(b、c)
T3q1—三叠系曲嘎寺组下段；T3q2—三叠系曲嘎寺组上段；T1-2b—中下三叠统上组
Figure 2. The Batang fault(a)and remote sensing image of Zhama landslide(b, c)
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图 4 扎马古滑坡变形发育特征
a—坡面侵蚀沟发生泥石流；b—建房开挖形成的陡坎；c—滑坡前缘强变形区；d—坡体上公路出现的裂缝
Figure 4. Deformation and development characteristics of Zhama ancient landslide
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图 5 扎马古滑坡工程地质剖面
T3q1—三叠系曲嘎寺组下段；T3q2—三叠系曲嘎寺组上段
Figure 5. Geological section of the Zhama ancient landslide
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图 7 扎马古滑坡钻孔岩心特征
a—碎石土；b—滑体(角砾土)；c—钻孔揭露滑带；d—强风化板岩
Figure 7. Borehole core characteristics of Zhama ancient landslide
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图 8 扎马滑坡模型与监测点布设
Figure 8. The model of Zhama landslide and deployment of monitoring points
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图 10 滑坡垂向位移变化图
a—天然工况下滑坡垂向位移变化图；b—暴雨工况下滑坡垂向位移变化图
Figure 10. Vertical displacement of the landslide
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图 11 滑坡水平向位移变化图
a—天然工况下滑坡水平向位移变化图；b—暴雨工况下滑坡水平向位移变化图
Figure 11. Horizontal displacement of the landslide
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图 12 监测点位移随时步变化图
a—天然工况下监测点位移随时步变化图；b—暴雨工况下监测点位移随时步变化图
Figure 12. Displacement change of monitoring point with time
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图 13 最大剪应变增量云图
a—天然工况下最大剪切应变增量云图；b—暴雨工况下最大剪切应变增量云图
Figure 13. Contour plot of maximum shear strain increment
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图 14 最大主应力云图
a—天然工况下最大主应力云图；b—暴雨工况下最大主应力云图
Figure 14. Contour of maximum principal stress increment
表 1 扎马滑坡滑带土基本物理性质
Table 1 Basic physical properties of soil in sliding zone of Zhama landslide
土粒比重Gs 湿密度ρ/(g·cm-3) 干密度ρd/(g·cm-3) 孔隙比e 液限WL/% 塑限WP/% 塑性指数IP 含水率/% 粘聚力/kPa 内摩擦角φ/° 2.70 1.80 1.79 0.512 23.7 15.7 8.0 天然 25.1 37.0 饱和 0.5 34.8 2.69 1.78 1.76 0.526 24.0 17.1 6.9 天然 29.6 33.3 饱和 0.4 31.8 
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表 2 巴塘县各月降雨量统计
Table 2 Monthly rainfall statistics in Batang County
月份 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 全年 平均降雨量/mm 1.31 12.46 65.12 160.92 327.54 837.38 1344.19 1162.58 842.23 237.15 73.50 4.00 503.69
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表 3 扎马古滑坡岩土体模拟计算主要参数
Table 3 The main parameters of rock-soil simulation for Zhama ancient landslide
岩性 体积模量K/GPa 剪切模量G/GPa 密度ρ/(g·cm-3) 内摩擦角φ/° 粘聚力c/ kPa 天然 饱和 天然 饱和 碎石土堆积体 25 7.5 2.0 25 20 150 130 断裂带 70 26 1.9 38 35 350 300 浅层滑带 0.6 0.26 1.78 40 30 28 5 深层滑带 0.4 0.2 1.88 35 32 27 0.5 基岩 40 15 2.4 45 43 400 350
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