Spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in the soil of Limu Mountain- Wanling Town, Qiongzhong, Hainan Province
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摘要:
为了解琼中黎母山—湾岭地区土壤重金属元素分布特征及其潜在生态风险，采集了表层（0~20 cm）土壤样品2682件，对应中层（80~100 cm）及深层（180~200 cm）土壤样品各304件。分析测定Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni、Cd、As、Hg八种重金属元素。对8种重金属元素空间分布特征进行多元统计分析，并采用地累积指数法、潜在生态危害指数法对该区土壤重金属污染程度、生态风险进行评估。结果显示，表层土壤中8种重金属元素均值均高于海南岛土壤重金属背景值，表现出不同程度的积累；不同土地利用类型及种植类型对表层土壤重金属富集影响较大；垂向上，由表层至深层，土壤Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr、Ni五种重金属元素含量依次降低，但差异不大；Cd、As、Hg在垂向上表现出明显的表聚性。Pearson相关性分析与因子分析结果显示，Cu、Cr、Ni主要受地质背景影响，其余5种元素均受地质背景及人为因素影响。地累积指数结果显示，8种金属元素均值除Hg（0.08）外，均小于0，总体为无污染-轻微污染；生态风险评价显示，Cd和Hg为主要危害元素，Cd以轻微-中等危害为主，Hg以中等-强风险为主，其余元素危害指数均为轻微级，96%的土壤总体潜在生态危害指数在中等以下。
Abstract:In order to understand the spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in the soil of Limu Mountain-Wanling Town, Qiongzhong, 2682 topsoil samples(0~20 cm) and 304 middle-soil layer samples(80~100 cm) and subsoil samples(180~200 cm) were respectively collected to analyze for 8 heavy metal elements(Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cd, As and Hg).Based on the metals' distribution, geoaccumulation index and potential ecological hazard index, multivariate statistics was conducted to evaluate the potential ecological risks.Results show that the mean values of 8 heavy metal elements in topsoils are higher than the soil background values of Hainan, showing different degree of accumulation effect.The accumulation of heavy metal in topsoils is associated with different land-use types and various planting patterns.Vertically, the contents of Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr、Ni decrease a little with depth, but contents of Cd, As and Hg are characterized by surface accumulation.Pearson correlation analysis and factor analysis suggest that Cu, Cr and Ni in the topsoils are mainly controlled by geological background, others are controlled by geological background and human activities.The mean geoaccumulation indexes of other heavy metal elements except for Hg(0.08) are less than 0.The ecological risk assessment show that Cd and Hg are the main hazard elements, Cd is mainly of slight to medium hazard, Hg is of medium to strong risk, and the hazard indexes of the other elements are all slight.The overall potential ecological hazard index of 96% of the soil is below medium hazard.
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Keywords:
- Qiongzhong /
- soil /
- heavy metals /
- pollution /
- assessment /
- ecological risks
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致谢: 感谢项目组所有成员的野外付出，感谢评审专家对本文提出的宝贵意见。
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图 2 不同土地利用类型重金属累积对比
(k为重金属元素含量与海南岛土壤背景值的比值)
Figure 2. Accumulation of heavy metals in different land use types
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图 3 不同重金属元素垂向分布特征
Figure 3. Distributions of different heavy metals in certical direction
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图 4 表层土壤中各重金属元素间相关性
(**表示在0.01级别显著相关)
Figure 4. Correlation between heavy metals in topsoil
表 1 各指标分析方法及检出限
Table 1 The analytical methods and detection limits for various indicators
指标 分析方法 方法检出限/(mg·kg-1) Cu ICP 0.5 Pb ICP-MS 2 Zn XRF 2 Cr XRF 2 Ni ICP-MS 0.3 Cd ICP-MS 0.02 As AFS 0.2 Hg AFS 0.0005 Zn XRF 2 
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表 2 地累积指数污染评价标准
Table 2 Criteria for assessment of soil pollution with Igeo
地累积指数Igeo 级别 污染程度 Igeo < 0 0 无污染 0≤Igeo < 1 1 轻污染 1≤Igeo < 2 2 中污染 2≤Igeo < 3 3 中-重污染 3≤Igeo < 4 4 重污染 4≤Igeo < 5 5 重-极重污染 5≤Igeo 6 极重污染
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表 3 Hakanson潜在生态危害指数评价标准
Table 3 Criteria for assessment of the potential ecological risk status with Eir & RI
生态危害 轻微 中等 强 很强 极强 Eir ＜40 40~80 80~160 160~320 ≥320 RI ＜150 150~300 300~600 600~1200 ≥1200
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表 4 研究区表层土壤重金属含量特征
Table 4 Concentration distribution of heavy metals in topsoil in the study area
mg/kg 特征参数 Cu Pb Zn Cr Ni Cd As Hg 最小值 1 5.73 6.62 2.96 1.15 0.020 0.5 0.005 最大值 128 463 500 2110 488 15.2 105 0.172 均值 9.93 33.4 60.1 49.9 13.4 0.063 3.30 0.035 中位数 7.57 30.9 55.4 34.85 9.5 0.048 1.53 0.032 标准差 8.16 16.4 26.9 82.1 16.8 0.295 6.41 0.017 变异系数 0.822 0.490 0.449 1.64 1.25 4.66 1.94 0.478 海南岛土壤背景值 6.1 24.4 44.4 27.5 7.24 0.040 1.34 0.020
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表 5 不同成壤母岩形成的土壤重金属平均含量
Table 5 Comparison of soil heavy metals contents by different parent rocks
mg/kg 成壤母质 样本数量 Cu Pb Zn Cr Ni Cd As Hg 黑云母花岗岩 634 11.59 29.73 62.49 64.55 17.29 0.06 2.65 0.04 闪长岩 91 21.43 26.38 78.44 106.98 25.75 0.08 6.18 0.03 花岗闪长岩 594 10.42 26.33 57.26 51.41 14.25 0.06 2.04 0.04 花岗斑岩 66 5.61 37.81 43.47 25.38 8.19 0.04 3.08 0.04 二长花岗岩 209 9.05 36.00 54.11 33.86 10.09 0.05 4.13 0.03 正长花岗岩 1018 8.57 36.99 60.01 39.67 10.48 0.07 3.60 0.03 石英闪长岩 2 5.22 47.00 34.70 40.75 11.73 0.04 1.18 0.02 云母片岩 1 3.78 24.60 48.10 3.75 1.44 0.19 10.20 0.01 斜长片麻岩 66 7.65 44.99 60.25 31.14 8.31 0.07 8.29 0.04 石英片岩 1 8.16 51.90 60.40 14.30 6.23 0.05 5.86 0.03
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表 6 各重金属元素在不同深度土壤中含量相关性
Table 6 Correlation between heavy metals in topsoil and subsoil
元素 Pb-B Pb-Z 元素 Zn-B Zn-Z Pb-Z 0.78** Zn-Z 0.74** Pb-S 0.52** 0.62** Zn-S 0.63** 0.86 元素 Cd-B Cd-Z 元素 Cu-B Cu-Z Cd-Z 0.29** Cu-Z 0.81** Cd-S 0.15** 0.93** Cu-S 0.66** 0.88** 元素 Cr-B Cr-Z 元素 Ni-B Ni-Z Cr-Z 0.73** Ni-Z 0.80** Cr-S 0.72** 0.87** Ni-S 0.74** 0.90** 元素 As-B As-Z 元素 Hg-B Hg-Z As-Z 0.53** Hg-Z 0.55** As-S 0.24** 0.75** Hg-S 0.45** 0.72** 注：**表示在0.01级别相关性显著；元素符号后“-B”、“-Z”、“-S”分别代表表层、中层、深层土壤
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表 7 因子分析旋转成分矩阵
Table 7 Rotated matrix of factor analysis
% 元素 成分 1 2 3 4 Ni 0.93 -0.01 -0.04 -0.04 Cr 0.87 -0.07 -0.10 -0.05 Cu 0.76 0.06 0.19 0.15 Cd 0.05 0.82 -0.06 -0.08 Pb -0.17 0.79 -0.01 0.08 Zn 0.49 0.61 0.27 0.07 Hg 0.01 -0.01 0.96 -0.02 As 0.03 0.01 -0.01 0.99 特征值 2.55 1.66 1.03 1.00 方差百分比 31.89 20.71 12.84 12.52 累积方差解释率 31.89 52.61 65.44 77.96
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表 8 土壤重金属污染地累积指数分级
Table 8 The classification of heavy metals in soil based on the Igeo
重金属 指数均值 各级面积/km2 无污染 轻污染 中污染 中-重污染 重污染 重-极重污染 极重污染 Cu -0.25 160.57 87.41 26.16 3.20 0.40 0.00 0.00 Pb -0.23 194.08 80.29 3.06 0.27 0.04 0.00 0.00 Zn -0.28 184.53 89.47 3.71 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 Cr -0.29 165.71 78.08 27.28 4.57 1.38 0.49 0.21 Ni -0.18 158.19 81.15 31.70 5.03 1.43 0.20 0.03 Cd -0.26 176.85 87.56 12.74 0.54 0.02 0.00 0.02 As -0.08 180.65 50.77 22.75 12.93 7.95 2.21 0.47 Hg 0.08 123.08 140.37 13.18 1.11 0.00 0.00 0.00
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表 9 土壤重金属的潜在生态危害指数统计
Table 9 Potential ecological risk coefficient for every heavy metal in soil
危害指数 重金属 分布范围 各级面积/km2 最小值 最大值 轻微 中 强 很强 极强 Cu 0.82 104.92 276.09 1.37 0.27 0 0 Pb 1.18 95.03 277.69 0.02 0.02 0 0 Zn 0.15 11.25 277.73 0 0 0 0 Ei Cr 0.22 153.34 276.83 0.58 0.32 0 0 Ni 0.79 337.02 274.44 3.05 0.15 0.06 0.03 Cd 14.63 11400.00 156.71 99.07 20.73 1.14 0.08 As 3.73 783.58 243.43 18.21 10.06 4.5 1.53 Hg 10.40 344.00 33.78 171.88 65.18 6.79 0.11 RI 36.06 11634.76 142.19 123.2 11.56 0.77 0.02
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