Permian and Triassic tectonic deformation settings and attributes in the Alxa region: Problems and debates
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摘要:研究目的
二叠纪—三叠纪是中亚造山带演化的关键阶段，形成了一系列不同性质、机制和时代的变形，可能代表了古亚洲洋俯冲-碰撞-陆内3个重要演化阶段的产物。近年来的工作在中亚造山带中段的阿拉善地区识别出大量的二叠纪—三叠纪变形，但是对这些变形的解释和认识存在很多争论，导致对古亚洲洋关闭时限产生不同认识。
研究方法系统介绍目前已知阿拉善不同地区二叠纪—三叠纪变形，厘定了该时期阿拉善地区的构造序列和特点。
研究结果中二叠世晚期（270~260 Ma），在阿拉善北部形成广泛分布的线性褶皱与逆冲构造。晚二叠世末—三叠纪初，形成卷入整个阿拉善地块与中亚造山带的大型韧性剪切变形；晚三叠世，形成了切割造山带的大型左行走滑变形。以上3期变形的切割关系在阿拉善东北部狼山、中部杭乌拉、西部霍布哈尔等地区最典型。系统分析碰撞阶段和陆内阶段的变形特点，认为晚二叠世变形代表了古亚洲洋关闭碰撞阶段的变形，晚二叠世末—三叠纪初的变形代表了造山带形成之后，Pangea超大陆形成的巨型剪切变形，是中亚造山带形成后经历的第一期陆内变形，而晚三叠世变形代表了受控于板块周缘陆陆碰撞的远程效应。
结论古大洋消失后的碰撞阶段变形与陆内变形有一定的差异，从变形角度可以有效限定古亚洲洋不同阶段的演化。以阿拉善地区为代表的中亚造山带在洋陆转换阶段内连续经历不同性质、不同方向变形的叠加，也是增生型造山带的重要特征。
Abstract:ObjectiveThe Permian to Triassic is a key period in the evolution of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), forming a series of deformation with different properties, mechanisms, and stages, which may represent the products of three important stages of evolution in the Paleo Asian Ocean (PAO): subduction, collision and intracontinental deformation. In recent years, a large number of Permian−Triassic deformation have been identified in the Alxa area in the southern margin of the CAOB. However, disputations regarding the interpretation and understanding of the deformation lead to significant differences in the determination of the closure time of the PAO.
MethodsBased on systematic introduction of the Permian−Triassic deformation in different regions of Alxa, the deformation sequences and characteristics of the Alxa region during this period are determined.
ResultsIn the late Middle Permian (approximately 270~260 Ma), widespread linear fold and thrust belts were formed in the northern part of Alxa. At the end of the Late Permian to the Early Triassic, the entire Alxa Block and the Central Asian Orogenic Belt were involved into a large−scale dextral ductile shear system, which was cut by left lateral strike−slip shear zones formed in the Late Triassic. The cutting relationships are clear in Langshan in the northeastern Alxa, Hangwula in the northern Alxa, and Houbuhaer in the northwestern Alxa. Based on an integrative analysis of the different deformation characteristics between the collision stage and the intracontinental stage, it is believed that the late Permian deformation formed at the collision stage after the final closure of the PAO, while the deformation from the Late Permian to the Early Triassic represents the giant shear deformation formed during the formation of the Pangea Supercontinent after the formation of the orogenic belt, which is the first intracontinental deformation record after the final assemblage of the CAOB. The late Triassic deformation represents a far−field effect induced by the collision at continental margins to the south.
ConclusionsThe differences between the deformation formed at the collision stage and at the intracontinental stage can effectively constrain the evolution of different stages of the PAO from the perspective of deformation. The CAOB, represented by the Alxa region, underwent successive superposition of deformation in different properties and directions during the ocean−continent transition, which is an important feature of accretionary orogenic belts.
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Keywords:
- orogenic Belt /
- Alxa /
- Paleo Asian Ocean /
- Permian-Triassic /
- deformation Properties
创新点中亚造山带中段中生代变形属于陆内变形，古亚洲洋在中亚造山带中段关闭时间在晚二叠世。
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图 2 狼山群褶皱及同构造岩体
a—顺层侵入狼山群第二组砂岩变形花岗岩及年龄；b ~ d—顺层侵入狼山群第二组同构造变形花岗岩及其年龄；e—狼山地区狼山群剖面，位置见图3
Figure 2. Folds in the Langshan Group and syntectonic pluton
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图 3 狼山地区地质图
a—地质图与剖面位置；b—狼山群综合柱状图。CLSZ—中狼山剪切带；WLSZ—西狼山剪切带
Figure 3. Geological map of the Langshan area
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图 5 阿拉善晚二叠世—早三叠世右行韧性剪切系统（年龄数据据赖新荣等，2007; 韩宝福等，2010; 冉皞等，2012; 史兴俊等，2012, 2020；张文等，2013；郑荣国等，2013; Dan et al., 2014, 2015a, 2015b, 2016; Lin et al., 2014; Shi et al., 2014; 张伟等，2014; Hu et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2015; Liu et al., 2016a, 2016b, 2017, 2018a, 2018b, 2019a, 2019b; Xue et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2016b, 2017; Shi et al., 2018; Zheng et al., 2019a, 2019b; Li et al., 2020; Song et al., 2020; Zhao et al., 2020）
a—阿拉善剪切系统与侵入岩分布；b—阿拉善地区侵入岩年龄统计. EJSZ—额济纳剪切带；YGSZ—银根剪切带；TMSSZ—塔木素剪切带；WLJSZ—乌力吉剪切带；LNTS—狼山−那仁哈拉−塔木素剪切带；YBSZ—雅布赖−巴彦诺尔公剪切带；BBSZ—北大山−巴彦诺尔公剪切带；SASZ—阿拉善南缘剪切带；LBSZ—狼山−巴彦乌拉剪切带
Figure 5. Late Permian—Early Triassic dextral ductile shear system in Alxa region
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图 6 雅布赖韧性剪切带地质图（年龄数据据叶珂等，2016；Liu et al., 2017; Zhao et al., 2022）
F—糜棱岩面理；L—矿物拉伸线理；G—片麻理
Figure 6. Geological map of the Yabrai shear zone
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图 7 雅布赖地区三叠纪变形
a—露头远景；b—志留纪花岗岩内逆冲断层为侏罗系覆盖，赤平投影为逆冲断层产状与反演的古应力场；c—侏罗系覆盖下伏志留纪花岗岩中的双冲构造
Figure 7. Triassic deformation in the Yabrai region
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图 8 杭乌拉地区地质图
a—地质图与二叠系褶皱要素赤平投影；b—杭乌拉剖面（位置见a图）；ν—二叠纪辉长岩；δο—二叠纪石英闪长岩
Figure 8. Geological map of the Hangwula area
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图 9 杭乌拉南部阿达日嘎二叠系火山碎屑岩与石英闪长岩
a—侵入中、下二叠统阿其德组上段火山岩碎屑岩未变形的石英闪长岩；b—韧性变形的阿其德组上段砂岩
Figure 9. Permian volcanic clastic rocks and quartz diorite in Adariga in the southern Hangwula
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图 10 杭乌拉双冲构造
a—杭乌拉地区圆藻山群白云质灰岩逆冲于奥陶系硅质岩之上；b—杭乌拉构造窗，两侧高山为新元古界圆藻山群，构造窗为下古生界；c—杭乌拉逆冲双冲构造剖面。O—奥陶系；S—志留系；P—二叠系；Pt3y—新元古界圆藻山组
Figure 10. Thrust duplex structures in Hangwula
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图 11 好比如地区地质图
a—地质图与石炭系−二叠系构造要素赤平投影；b—好比如地区剖面图（剖面位置见a图）。S—志留系；C—石炭系；K—白垩系；Q—第四系；ηγβ—二叠纪黑云母二长花岗岩；ηγ—三叠纪二长花岗岩；γδ—二叠纪辉长岩
Figure 11. Geological map of Haobiru region
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图 12 好比如地区逆冲断层
a—圆藻山群白云质灰岩与寒武系硅质岩断层接触远景；b—断层面擦痕和断层面解；c—断层带角砾岩；d—断层下盘寒武系薄层硅质岩
Figure 12. Thrust fault in Haobiru
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图 13 好比如东北莫日格策格地区地层/岩体接触关系
a—新元古界圆藻山群与泥盆纪花岗岩断层接触；b—断层下盘强烈变形的泥盆纪花岗岩；c—上覆上三叠统珊瑚井组厚层砾岩，黑色为硅质岩，灰色为灰岩砾石，可能来自下伏的圆藻山群；d—圆藻山群与上三叠统珊瑚井砾岩之间的角度不整合面
Figure 13. Contact relationship between strata and granite in the Morigecege, northeastern Haobiru region
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图 14 珠斯楞地区地质图
a—地质图与石炭系−二叠系构造要素赤平投影；b—珠斯楞地区剖面图（剖面位置见图a）；Є—寒武系；O2—中奥陶统；S—志留系；D1x—下泥盆统世珠斯楞组；D2y—中泥盆统伊克乌苏组；D3x—上泥盆统西屏山组；C—石炭系；T3s—上三叠统珊瑚井组；Pt3y—新元古界圆藻山组
Figure 14. Geological map of Zhusilien
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图 15 珠斯楞逆冲推覆岩体前缘断层
a—珠斯楞逆冲推覆体前缘远景；b—前缘近景；c—前缘逆冲断层露头和断层面解；d—前缘圆藻山群白云质灰岩飞来峰，下盘为泥盆系
Figure 15. Front fault of Zhusilen thrust sheet
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图 16 珠斯楞地区顺层侵入泥盆系变形的花岗岩
a—顺层侵入泥盆系强劈理化花岗岩；b—强劈理化花岗岩近景
Figure 16. Deformed bedding-parallel granite intrusion in the Devonian strata in Zhusilen
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图 17 黑平山岩基周缘韧性剪切带变形特征
a—花岗糜棱岩；b—石英拉伸线理
Figure 17. Deformation characteristics of ductile shear zone around the Heipingshan batholith
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图 18 霍布哈尔—查黑林嘎顺地区地质图
a—地质图及剖面位置；b—剖面图；c—变形模型
Figure 18. Geological map of Huobuhaer—Chaheilingashun area
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图 19 霍布哈尔韧性剪切带变形特征
a—石英拉伸线理；b—火山岩糜棱岩面理；c—侵入地层的糜棱岩化花岗岩，XZ面示右行的长石旋转碎斑；d—糜棱岩面理褶皱，示右行剪切
Figure 19. Deformation characteristics of the Hobuhaer ductile shear zone
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图 20 查黑林嘎顺韧性变形特征
a—泥盆纪花岗糜棱岩与黑云母矿物线理；b—北山岩群内糜棱岩化灰岩中的剑鞘褶皱；c—北山岩群中的糜棱岩面理；d—XZ面上示左行的石英拖尾
Figure 20. Characteristics of ductile deformation in Chaheilingashun
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图 21 阿拉善不同地区低温热年代学数据分布
Figure 21. Distribution of low-temperature thermochronological data in different regions of Alxa
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图 22 阿拉善不同地区低温热年代学确定的主要构造−热事件
C—石炭系；P—二叠系；T—三叠系；J—侏罗系；K—白垩系；Cen.—新生代
Figure 22. Main tectono-thermal events determined by low-temperature thermochronology in different regions of Alxa
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图 23 阿拉善北部不同地区晚二叠世褶皱统计
Figure 23. Stereographic projection of Late Permian folds in northern Alxa
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