Development and formation mechanism of landslides along Changdu section of Lancang River
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摘要:
中国的山区和高原发育的滑坡地质灾害最严重，青藏高原东部横断山区的大江大河沿岸发育一系列严重和频繁的地质灾害。基于前期InSAR遥感解译的工作，通过现场的野外详细调查，最终确定了澜沧江昌都段的75处滑坡地质灾害，详细分析了滑坡的发育特征和主要影响因素，总结了砂泥岩软弱地层区滑坡、断裂控制型滑坡、堆积层滑坡共6类典型滑坡的形成机制。结果表明：①澜沧江干流岸坡的滑坡中，堆积层的土质蠕滑滑坡最发育，河流切坡是临江土质滑坡的主要触发因素。临江高位滑坡往往表现出高位但不远程的特征；②岩质滑坡中最发育的两类斜坡结构分别为反向斜坡和顺向斜坡，这与砂泥岩软弱岩体中发育的层理及垂直于层理的主控节理直接相关；③85%以上的滑坡发育在软-较软沉积岩岩组中，表明岩石强度一定程度上影响了滑坡的发育。区内斜坡表层的强风化带及古（老）滑坡的堆积体为堆积层滑坡提供物质基础，该类滑坡多存在蠕滑和多级滑动的特征；④卡贡-盐井活动断裂对滑坡灾害空间分布具有明显的控制作用，表现在断裂带控制滑坡边界和破碎带直接成为滑体。研究结果可为铁路修建过程的边坡灾害管控提供参考和支撑。
Abstract:The most serious geo-hazards always occur in mountainous areas and plateaus in China, and a series of serious geo-hazards have occurred along the major rivers in eastern Tibet Plateau. Based on the previous research of InSAR remote sensing interpretation, through detailed field investigation, 75 landslides were determined along the Changdu section of Lancang River. Based on the analysis of the development characteristics and main influencing factors of landslides in detail, the formation mechanism of 6 types of typical landslides was summarized. The result shows that among the landslides along the Lancang River, the creep landslide in the accumulation layer is the most developed, and the river-cut slope caused by the rise and fall of the water level is the main influencing factor of the soil landslides along the river.High-location landslides near the river often slip directly into the valley, showing the high location but not remote characteristics. The two most developed types of slope structures in rock landslides are reverse and dip slopes, which are directly related to the bedding developed in the weak rock mass of sand and mudstone and the main joints perpendicular to the bedding. More than 85% landslides occur in the soft-little soft sedimentary rock association, indicating that the rock strength affects the development of landslides to a certain extent. The strong weathering zone on the surface of the slope and the accumulation body of the ancient landslide provide the material foundation for the landslides in accumulation layer, and these landslides are mostly characterized by creep sliding and multi-stage sliding. The Kagong-Yanjing active fault controls the spatial distribution of landslides. The faults control the landslide boundary and the fracture zone directly becomes the slide body. The results can provide reference and support for slope hazard management during the railway construction.
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Keywords:
- development characteristics /
- formation mechanism /
- landslides /
- Lancang River
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致谢: 成文过程中，得到昌都市自然资源局、察雅县自然资源局、卡若区俄洛镇约达村委会的帮助，中国地质科学院探矿工艺研究所硕士研究生李宝幸，成都理工大学硕士研究生张伟、汪久钦，西南科技大学硕士研究生张浩韦参与了部分野外工作，在此一并表示感谢。
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图 2 澜沧江昌都段斜坡形变速率(a)及滑坡地质灾害分布(b)
Figure 2. Deformation rate of slop(a)and distribution of landslides(b)in Changdu section of Lancang River
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图 3 澜沧江沿岸典型蠕滑动滑坡和高位滑坡
a—河流切坡诱发蠕滑滑坡(如给村滑坡)；b—典型高位滑坡(居雪村滑坡)
Figure 3. Typical creeping and high-locality landslide along Lancang River
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图 4 沿岸滑坡与澜沧江水位相对位置关系
Figure 4. Relationship between landslides and water level of Lancang River
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图 6 无人机摄取的典型反向坡和顺向坡滑坡全貌图
a—反向坡滑坡(森林公园滑坡)；b—缓倾顺层滑坡(约达村滑坡)
Figure 6. Full view of typical landslides with reverse and forward slopes by UAV
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图 7 澜沧江沿岸岩组中滑坡发育图
Figure 7. Development of landslides in different rock association along Lancang River
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图 8 澜沧江支流麦曲河沿岸古滑坡堆积体及其活动迹象(察雅县城1号和2号滑坡)
Figure 8. Full view of typical ancient landslides along Maiqu River, a tributary of Lancang River
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图 9 澜沧江断裂沿线滑坡发育图
Figure 9. Distribution of landslides along typical faults in Lancang River
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图 10 居雪村滑坡与卡贡-盐井断裂空间关系
Figure 10. Spatial relationship between Kagong-Yanjing fault and Juxue landslide
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图 11 研究区典型滑坡形成机制
a—砂泥岩地层中的顺层滑坡；b—砂泥岩地层反向斜坡中的滑坡；c—断裂控制滑坡边界；d—断裂破碎带成为滑体；e—河流切坡触发强风化带中的滑坡；f—滑坡堆积体中的蠕滑滑坡
Figure 11. Formation mechanism of typical landslides in the study area
表 1 卫星SAR影像数据基本参数信息
Table 1 Basic parameters of the satellite SAR image datasets
参数 SAR传感器 RADARSAT-2 Sentinel-1 轨道方向 降轨 升轨 所处波段 C C 雷达波长/cm 5.6 5.6 空间分辨率/m 5 5×20 重访周期/d 24 12 入射角/° 35.6 33.9 影像时间(年-月) 2018-08—2020-02 2018-08—2020-02 影像数量/景 10 45 
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表 2 研究区工程地质岩组分区
Table 2 Partition of engineering geological rock association in study area
工程地质岩组 地层 岩性、分布特征 软-较软沉积沉岩组 古近系贡觉组(Eg)，侏罗系汪布组(J1w)、东大桥组(J2d)、小索卡组(J3x)，白垩系景星组(K1j)、南新组(K2n)，新近系拉屋拉组(Nl)，二叠系妥坝组(P3t)，三叠系阿堵拉组(T3a)、盖拉组(T3d)、东达村组(T3ddc)、甲丕拉组(T3j) 岩性以层理发育的砾岩、砂岩、泥岩为主 较软-较硬浅变质岩、碳酸盐岩岩组 石炭系卡贡岩组(C1k)，泥盆系卓戈洞组(D3z)，二叠系里查组(P1l)、交嘎组(P2j)，三叠系波里拉组(T3b) 岩性以板岩夹千枚岩、厚层灰岩、白云岩、大理岩为主 较坚硬块状深变质岩组 元古宇吉塘岩群(Pt1-2j)、卡穷岩群(Pt1-2k)、酉西群(Pt3Y) 岩性以片麻岩、变粒岩、石英片岩等为主 坚硬-较坚硬块状火成岩组 二叠系夏牙村组(P3x)，三叠系马拉松多组(T1-2m)、竹卡群(T2-3z) 零星分布，主要分布在澜沧江沿岸，主要为块状结构花岗岩、闪长岩及岩浆岩岩脉 松散-稍密堆积物岩组 第四系(Q) 物质组成主要为冲积卵石土，崩滑堆积碎石土、块石土，主要分布在研究区内澜沧江及其支流河谷两岸
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