The age and tectonic environment of Carboniferous volcanic-sedimentary strata in Changning-Menglian zone, Western Yunnan Province
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摘要:
昌宁-孟连结合带内大面积出露石炭纪火山-沉积地层，对其时代的精确厘定及古构造环境的识别，有助于认识和恢复昌宁-孟连结合带乃至东古特提斯洋演化。通过详细的野外地质调查与剖面测制，查明玄武岩与碳酸盐岩之间为整合接触关系。对碳酸盐岩开展了详细的微相分析，识别出4种微相类型，分别为颗粒生屑灰岩（MF1）、似球粒泥粒生屑灰岩（MF2）、鲕粒灰岩（MF3）和含珊瑚碎屑礁灰岩（MF4），主体形成于热带-亚热带较温暖的古气候背景，代表了浅水高能环境。对碳酸盐岩与玄武岩之间的凝灰岩夹层开展锆石U-Pb定年研究，获得206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值为351.7±2.5 Ma，表明玄武岩的喷发时代为早石炭世。该套火山-沉积地层岩石组合包括具有OIB型地球化学特征的玄武岩、礁灰岩、塌积砾岩、凝灰岩等，将其构造环境厘定为洋岛-海山。该洋岛-海山是三江造山带洋壳残片的重要组成部分，记录了古特提斯洋盆构造演化及造山带形成过程的重要信息。
Abstract:A large area of Carboniferous volcanic-sedimentary strata is exposed in the Changning-Menglian junction.The precise determination of its age and the identification of the paleo-tectonic environment are of great significance for understanding and restoration of Changning-Menglian zone and evolution of the Eastern Paleotethys Ocean.The detailed field geological survey and profile surveying indicate that the contact between basalt and carbonate rock is conformity.A detailed microfacies analysis was carried out on carbonate rocks, and four types of microfacies were identified, granular bioclastic limestone (MF1), spherulitic mud particles bioclastic limestone (MF2), oolitic limestone (MF3) and coral clastic reef limestone (MF4), indicating that the main carbonate rock was formed in a shallow-water high-energy environment under a warmer tropical-subtropical palaeoclimate background.Zircon U-Pb dating of the tuff interbeded between carbonate rock and basalt yields the average age of 351.7±2.5 Ma, indicating that the eruption of basalt was in the Early Carboniferous.This set of volcanic-sedimentary rocks include basalt, reef limestone, tuff, etc.with OIB-type geochemical characteristics, and its tectonic environment is defined as ocean island-seamount, which is an important part of oceanic crust fragments in the Sanjiang orogen and records important information about the tectonic evolution of the Paleo-Tethys oceanic basin and the formation process of the orogenic belt.
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致谢: 笔者在中国地质调查局成都地质调查中心学习期间多次受到潘桂棠先生悉心指导，有幸见识到老一辈地质工作者艰苦奋斗、不屈不挠、求真务实的科学精神。潘老师80岁高龄仍继续为祖国的地质事业发光发热，给年轻一辈树立了崇高榜样，祝愿潘老师健康长寿。参与野外工作的还有中国地质调查局成都地质调查中心李建忠研究员、彭智敏高级工程师、成都理工大学在读硕士研究生尤廷海和裴洋；锆石U-Pb定年在中国地质调查局成都地质调查中心胡志中高级工程师帮助下完成，在此一并表示衷心的感谢。
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图 2 平掌组顶部凝灰岩代表性锆石阴极发光(CL)图像和分析点位
Figure 2. The representative CL images of zircons with analyzed spots of crystal tuff from the top of the Pingzhang Formation
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图 3 平掌组顶部凝灰岩锆石U-Pb年龄谐和图(a)及频率分布直方图(b)
Figure 3. Zircon U-Pb concordia diagram (a) and histogram (b) of tuff from the top of the Pingzhang Formation
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图 4 滇西沧源县鱼塘寨地区石炭纪火山-沉积地层柱状图及野外、镜下照片
a—整合接触界线；b—鲕粒灰岩；c—灰岩角砾；d—礁灰岩；e—韵律互层沉积；f—礁灰岩；g—似球粒泥粒灰岩；h—生物碎屑灰岩；i—颗粒生屑灰岩；j—塌积砾岩
Figure 4. Column of Carboniferous volcanic-sedimentary strata, field and microphotographs in the Yutangzhai area, Cangyuan County, western Yunnan
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图 6 平掌组玄武岩构造环境判别图解
a—Zr-Zr/Y图解[52]; b—Nb×2-Zr/4-Y图解[53]；c—Hf/3-Th-Ta图解[54]；d—Nb/Yb-Th/Yb图解[55]；WPB—板内玄武岩；IAB—岛弧玄武岩；MORB—洋中脊玄武岩；A1+A2—板内碱性玄武岩；A2+C—板内拉斑玄武岩；B—P型MORB；D—N-MORB；C+D—火山弧玄武岩；CAB—钙碱性玄武岩；WPAB—板内碱性玄武岩；N-MORB—亏损型洋中脊玄武岩；E-MORB—富集型洋中脊玄武岩；Th—拉斑质；CA—钙碱质；
SHO—钾玄质；PM—原始地幔；LC—平均下地壳；UC—上地壳；MC—中地壳Figure 6. Tectonic setting discrimination of the basalts from Pingzhang Formation
表 1 平掌组玄武岩主量、微量和稀土元素组成
Table 1 Major, trace element and REE compositions of the basalts from Pingzhang Formation
样品名 D0004- H1 D0004- H2 D0005- H1 D0005- H2 D0005- H3 D0005- H4 D0005- H5 D0005- H6 PM101- 1H1 PM101- 3H1 PM101- 4H1 PM101- 4H2 PM102- 1H1 PM102- 2H2 SiO2 42.92 45.7 45.61 45.67 43.54 41.42 43.67 42.55 42.88 43.25 43.28 43.59 45.57 45.8 Al2O3 15.45 15.33 13.13 13.17 10.8 11.66 12.88 12.42 13.39 11.46 12.89 13.06 16.23 16.36 CaO 8.24 9.29 6.29 6.45 10.29 9.2 7.58 8.71 7.72 8.92 10.05 8.5 7.19 7.54 MgO 3.65 5.58 6.46 5.4 10.85 13.04 8.56 9.89 7.24 9.01 9.66 7.86 4.04 3.64 K2O 1.36 0.6 0.32 0.36 0.18 0.28 1.73 0.67 2.42 1.19 1.67 1.72 1.77 1.36 Na2O 4.08 4.51 4.44 4.13 3.2 1.7 3.49 3.96 2.32 1.85 2.12 1.68 3.95 4.54 TiO2 3.8 3.74 3.5 3.62 2.73 3.12 3.39 3.11 4.08 4.06 3.51 3.26 3.02 3 P2O5 1.77 1.66 0.56 0.61 0.51 0.56 0.59 0.55 0.86 0.59 0.46 0.45 1.74 1.73 MnO 0.2 0.23 0.1 0.099 0.19 0.21 0.15 0.18 0.12 0.11 0.15 0.13 0.22 0.23 烧失量 3.72 3.94 5.5 6.76 5.02 5.14 4.37 5.25 5.36 7 3.85 7.69 4.3 3.88 TFe2O3 14.65 9.27 14.01 13.63 12.57 13.52 13.48 12.62 13.42 12.45 12.12 11.94 11.85 11.81 Li 11.9 19.1 5.24 5.65 7.60 8.65 10.9 12.8 9.04 10.6 8.75 11.9 7.69 6.99 Be 2.63 2.73 1.49 1.94 1.55 1.10 1.47 1.75 1.81 1.32 1.32 1.36 3.35 4.02 Sc 16.7 16.0 28.0 28.7 26.7 27.8 27.8 26.0 26.8 32.1 33.1 33.5 11.2 11.3 V 225 177 281 311 176 295 150 150 234 311 328 325 123 132 Cr 8.12 6.58 427 437 637 535 445 413 251 630 466 470 5.43 3.63 Co 26.0 28.8 47.2 45.8 54.7 59.8 56.1 58.0 44.8 54.7 52.1 51.9 16.7 16.8 Ni 15.4 15.1 280 256 321 320 287 274 148 322 227 247 6.72 5.90 Cu 12.0 12.9 76.7 89.5 20.0 144 16.2 21.4 48.6 61.3 42.1 38.0 4.70 5.46 Zn 138 156 115 114 101 109 110 114 127 111 95.0 98.5 148 141 Ga 29.0 26.0 20.8 21.8 17.0 19.9 20.8 21.0 22.2 20.2 19.3 20.1 28.1 27.4 Rb 19.0 7.82 12.7 15.6 6.29 10.9 45.9 18.1 73.1 46.3 49.2 52.1 39.5 28.5 Sr 429 504 177 163 362 937 156 249 501 117 850 196 296 327 Y 55.9 54.6 36.1 39.2 27.1 31.0 32.3 31.4 43.2 32.8 28.7 28.7 61.9 61.9 Zr 488 485 324 335 233 289 317 293 451 286 229 227 591 588 Nb 93.4 92.0 63.2 64.0 49.0 58.5 59.4 55.4 78.0 49.5 49.2 45.1 111 111 Sn 3.40 3.26 1.93 2.62 1.79 2.22 2.08 1.69 2.41 2.07 1.85 1.66 3.94 3.93 Cs 0.66 0.37 0.67 0.42 0.33 0.36 1.88 1.30 1.53 1.06 0.86 2.17 0.53 0.43 Ba 163 176 47.2 55.3 127 96.3 227 129 969 208 994 852 212 315 La 74.2 71.9 50.4 51.0 40.6 43.7 47.6 44.2 63.0 40.0 36.2 35.8 95.3 91.5 Ce 168 163 101 99.5 84.1 95.0 96.6 91.7 128 82.0 74.8 71.0 212 209 Pr 22.3 21.5 12.7 13.1 10.2 11.4 11.8 11.2 16.5 10.7 9.16 8.99 27.8 28.2 Nd 97.0 92.9 52.3 53.8 41.3 47.1 48.8 47.5 66.9 47.1 39.7 39.0 119 117 Sm 19.7 19.3 11.1 11.3 8.58 9.69 10.1 9.86 13.4 10.3 8.29 8.14 24.3 23.9 Eu 6.01 5.92 3.39 3.62 2.70 3.05 3.27 3.01 4.02 3.22 2.66 2.63 7.23 6.93 Gd 17.3 16.6 9.46 9.56 7.25 8.65 8.42 8.45 11.7 8.85 7.43 7.12 20.0 19.4 Tb 2.27 2.31 1.34 1.39 1.04 1.22 1.26 1.19 1.61 1.25 1.04 1.05 2.66 2.55 Dy 12.6 11.6 7.47 7.70 5.69 6.53 6.95 6.47 8.74 6.92 5.80 5.86 13.4 13.5 Ho 2.18 2.17 1.34 1.44 1.05 1.20 1.23 1.18 1.59 1.30 1.08 1.14 2.50 2.49 Er 5.27 5.06 3.47 3.56 2.57 3.03 3.08 3.00 3.86 3.03 2.67 2.67 5.90 5.96 Tm 0.65 0.62 0.43 0.44 0.33 0.37 0.39 0.40 0.51 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.77 0.77 Yb 3.73 3.56 2.54 2.65 1.94 2.23 2.42 2.28 2.92 2.23 2.00 2.03 4.48 4.44 Lu 0.49 0.49 0.35 0.36 0.26 0.31 0.32 0.30 0.38 0.29 0.27 0.27 0.58 0.58 Hf 11.7 11.6 7.62 7.93 5.63 6.88 7.45 6.97 10.2 6.96 5.62 5.62 14.0 13.9 Ta 5.53 5.46 3.81 3.84 3.04 3.45 3.65 3.31 4.83 3.07 2.94 2.79 6.60 6.79 Tl 0.036 0.013 0.021 0.016 0.016 0.020 0.067 0.037 0.045 0.036 0.039 0.051 0.049 0.027 Pb 3.82 3.97 3.06 2.70 3.38 3.67 2.60 1.80 4.78 2.05 2.82 2.26 4.07 4.34 Th 7.27 7.13 5.63 5.74 4.89 5.45 5.41 5.12 7.16 4.04 4.18 4.06 8.82 8.79 U 1.92 1.64 1.21 1.30 0.61 1.08 1.34 0.93 1.45 0.93 1.02 0.90 2.28 2.34 ∑REE 431.29 416.54 257.44 259.51 207.63 233.49 242.21 230.76 322.64 217.45 191.48 186.04 535.04 526.19 (La/Yb)N 13.52 13.71 13.49 13.06 14.26 13.30 13.37 13.16 14.66 12.19 12.29 11.99 14.44 14.00 δEu 1.03 1.02 1.01 0.97 0.99 1.01 0.95 1.02 1.05 1.00 0.99 0.97 1.03 1.05 注：主量元素含量单位为%，微量、稀土元素含量单位为10-6 
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