Geochemical analysis and amphibole 40Ar-39Ar dating for meta-basalts from Tongka ophiolitic mélange, eastern Nujiang belt
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摘要:
青藏高原中部班公湖-怒江缝合带所代表古洋盆的性质和早期演化仍存在很多争议。为探讨怒江构造带中-东段早侏罗世构造-岩浆事件的性质和微地体构造、造山格局，对怒江带东段分割八宿微地体的同卡蛇绿混杂岩中的变玄武岩进行了岩石地球化学分析和角闪石40Ar-39Ar年代学研究。同卡蛇绿混杂岩中的变玄武岩经历了强烈变质变形，显示绿帘角闪岩相的矿物学组成。岩石地球化学分析表明，变玄武岩的稀土元素配分模式为左倾的轻稀土元素亏损型，显示正常洋中脊玄武岩（N-MORB）特征。但在N-MORB标准化的微量元素配分图解上，样品又显示Rb、Ba、Th、U、Pb、Sr的富集和Nb、Ta的亏损，表明变玄武岩样品具有N-MORB和岛弧的双重特征，形成于不成熟的弧后盆地扩张中心，为SSZ型蛇绿岩的组分。同卡变玄武岩获得角闪石40Ar-39Ar坪年龄为161±2 Ma，与邻近同卡微陆块中石榴矽线黑云斜长片麻岩和怒江带中段安多黑云二长片麻岩中的黑云母40Ar/39Ar冷却年龄（165~167 Ma）相近，从蛇绿岩构造就位的角度，为约束怒江构造带东段次级洋盆的闭合时限和嘉玉桥变质地体于侏罗纪早期沿同卡—俄学一线与同卡微陆块碰撞拼贴提供了直接证据。通过对怒江构造带北缘早、晚侏罗世构造-岩浆事件的综合分析，认为班公湖-怒江构造带不同区段、不同分支的演化、俯冲造山极性及造山时限可能有所不同。这个类似多岛-增生造山的模式表明，青藏高原腹地的造山可能是一系列不同规模、不同性质的地质体沿不同层级的洋盆渐次消减、渐次拼贴的结果，并不一定存在那种古特提斯大洋关闭后中特提斯大洋再接着打开的过程。
Abstract:The nature and early evolution of the ancient ocean basin represented by the Bangongco-Nujiang suture zone in the central Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau are still controversial.To identify the nature of the Early Jurassic tectono-magmatic events and micro-continental tectonics and orogenic processes along the mid-eastern Nujiang suture, geochemical study on meta-basaltic rocks and 40Ar-39Ar dating of amphibole from the Tongka ophiolitic mélange, eastern Nujiang belt, were conducted.The meta-basalts in the Tongka ophiolitic mélange witnessed strong metamorphic deformation, indicating the mineralogical composition of the epidote-amphibolite facies.Rare earth element(REE) patterns of the meta-basaltic rocks on the chondrite-normalized REE diagram display LREE depletions indicative of N-MORB, whereas on the N-MORB-normalized spider diagram, the samples indicate Rb, Ba, Th, U, Pb and Sr enrichments and Nb and Ta depletions, which suggest a mixing characteristic of arc and N-MORB, and an origin from back-arc basin spreading center, indicating a SSZ affinity.The 40Ar-39Ar dating of the amphibole from a meta-basalt sample yields a plateau age of 161 ±2 Ma, analogous to 40Ar-39Ar cooling ages(165~167 Ma) of biotite from the Tongka and Amdo gneisses, which provides direct evidence from ophiolite emplacement for local closure of the eastern Nujiang Ocean and Early Jurassic collision along the Tongka-Exue suture between the Jiayuqiao and Tongka micro-blocks.On the basis of comprehensive analyses of the early and late Jurassic magmatic rocks north of the Bangong-Nujiang belt, the Bangong-Nujiang belt is assumed to have distinct evolutionary histories, subduction polarities and collisional timing at different segments and ophiolitic branches.The multi-island-accretive orogeny model suggests that the orogeny in the hinterland of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau might be the result of varying level convergences by diverse-sized terranes/blocks with consumption of different oceanic basins, rather than the re-opening process of the Meso-Tethyan Ocean after the closure of the Paleo-Tethyan Ocean.
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Keywords:
- Nujiang tectonic belt /
- meta-basalt /
- Basu micro-terrane /
- Amdo micro-terrane /
- Early Jurassic
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致谢: 工作中得到中国地质科学院地质研究所翟庆国、向华、李毅兵、贺振宇和胡培远研究员的指导和帮助，特此表示衷心的感谢。
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图 1 西藏中南部区域构造格局(a)与八宿微地体区域构造地质图和采样位置(b)
SG—松潘-甘孜地体; NQT—北羌塘地体; SQT—南羌塘羌塘地体; NLS—北拉萨地体; SLS—南拉萨地体; HM—喜马拉雅地体; IND—印度板块; JS.S—金沙江缝合带; CQT.S—中羌塘缝合带; BN.S—班公湖-怒江缝合带; SD.S—松多缝合带; YLTP.S—雅鲁藏布缝合带; LC.F—澜沧江断裂; MBT—主边界断裂。Ⅰ—(北)羌塘地体; Ⅱ—八宿微地体被分割为(Ⅱa)同卡微陆块和(Ⅱb)嘉玉桥残余弧地体；Ⅲ—拉萨地体; DQ.O—丁青蛇绿岩带; TE.O—同卡-俄学蛇绿岩带; BS.O—八宿蛇绿岩带
Figure 1. Tectonic outline of central south Tibet and adjacent areas(a)and regional tectonics of the Basu micro-terrane and sampling locations(b)
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图 2 同卡变玄武岩野外产出(a、b)和显微变形特征(c、d)
a—变玄武岩的片理化特征；b—变玄武岩和大理岩接触；c、d—显微照片显示变玄武岩矿物学组成和定向构造。Hb—角闪石；Pl—斜长石
Figure 2. Field occurrences(a, b) and micrographs(c, d) showing the mineral components and deformation of the Tongka meta-basalts
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图 4 同卡变玄武岩球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分模式(a)和N-MORB标准化微量元素蛛网图(b) (球粒陨石和N-MORB标准化数据据参考文献[39])
N-MORB—正常洋脊玄武岩
Figure 4. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns(a)and N-MORB-normalized trace element patterns(b)of the meta-basaltic rocks
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图 5 变玄武岩样品XC8-3-5角闪石40Ar-39Ar年龄谱图
Figure 5. 40Ar-39Ar age spectra of amphibole from the meta-basalt sample XC8-3-5
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图 6 变玄武岩构造判别图
a—Ta/Yb-Th/Yb图解[40]；b—2Nb-Zr/4-Y图解[41]；c—Hf/3-Th-Nb/6图解[42]；d—Zr-Zr/Y图解[43]。SHO—橄榄粗玄岩；ICA—岛弧钙碱性玄武岩；IAT—岛弧拉斑玄武岩；IAB—岛弧玄武岩；WPB—板内玄武岩；MORB—洋脊玄武岩；N-MORB—正常洋脊玄武岩; E-MORB—富集洋脊玄武岩；WPT—板内拉斑玄武岩；WPAB—板内碱性玄武岩；ALK—碱性玄武岩；TR—过渡玄武岩；TH—拉斑玄武岩；A1+A2—板内玄武岩；A2+C—板内拉斑玄武岩；B—与地幔柱有关洋脊玄武岩(P-MORB)；D—正常洋脊玄武岩(N-MORB)
Figure 6. Tectonic discrimination diagrams for the meta-basaltic rocks
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表 1 同卡变玄武岩主量、微量和稀土元素数据
Table 1 Major, trace and rare earth elements compositions of the Tongka meta-basaltic rocks
样品 XC8-3-4.1 XC8-3-4.2 XC8-3-4.3 XC8-3-5 XN10-3-1 样品 XC8-3-4.1 XC8-3-4.2 XC8-3-4.3 XC8-3-5 XN10-3-1 SiO2 49.36 52.59 48.77 46.53 49.67 Tm 0.47 0.44 0.50 0.42 0.37 Al2O3 13.33 13.43 13.64 14.53 13.96 Yb 3.00 2.88 3.25 2.60 2.41 CaO 10.38 9.31 9.89 11.18 10.04 Lu 0.50 0.44 0.49 0.39 0.37 Fe2O3 5.36 4.07 5.49 3.34 4.30 Y 24.20 27.50 32.50 23.40 22.87 FeO 8.10 6.74 8.37 8.59 5.90 Sr 188.00 215.00 163.00 202.00 142.98 K2O 0.36 0.28 0.39 0.35 0.29 Rb 15.30 6.87 9.15 10.00 5.50 MgO 7.25 7.49 7.64 8.57 9.94 Ba 20.50 24.10 22.60 32.40 19.43 MnO 0.24 0.20 0.24 0.27 0.15 Th 0.22 0.39 0.47 0.27 0.22 Na2O 1.84 2.66 2.11 2.53 2.74 U 0.14 0.08 0.19 0.24 0.12 P2O5 0.10 0.09 0.11 0.08 0.06 Nb 1.34 1.53 1.39 1.82 1.42 TiO2 1.26 1.04 1.28 0.93 0.84 Ta 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.09 烧失量 1.56 0.66 0.87 2.37 1.69 Zr 56.20 63.30 68.40 45.60 41.33 K2O+Na2O 2.2 2.94 2.5 2.88 3.03 Hf 1.90 1.80 1.94 1.55 1.22 Mg# 50 56 51 57 65 Pb 1.44 3.83 1.32 6.41 0.84 La 2.00 2.56 2.24 2.58 1.76 Sc 44.30 58.50 53.50 53.10 43.32 Ce 6.12 6.67 6.70 6.39 5.04 Cr 118.00 155.00 129.00 133.00 238.95 Pr 1.11 1.10 1.10 1.22 0.91 Ni 50.60 82.00 61.90 94.80 99.87 Nd 7.34 6.27 6.45 6.68 4.85 Ga 16.80 16.30 17.00 17.20 14.95 Sm 2.64 2.37 2.58 2.13 1.86 Ge 1.49 1.95 1.95 1.71 2.16 Eu 1.02 0.88 0.99 0.78 0.77 ΣREE 38.26 36.93 39.29 34.62 28.68 Gd 4.02 3.71 4.24 3.15 2.85 LREE/ 1.12 1.16 1.04 1.33 1.12 Tb 0.79 0.70 0.78 0.60 0.54 HREE Dy 4.97 4.74 5.22 4.13 3.76 LaN/YbN 0.48 0.64 0.49 0.71 0.52 Ho 1.18 1.01 1.17 0.89 0.80 LaN/SmN 0.49 0.70 0.56 0.78 0.61 Er 3.10 3.16 3.58 2.66 2.40 δEu 0.96 0.91 0.92 0.92 1.02 注: 主量元素含量单位为%, 微量和稀土元素含量单位为10-6 
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表 2 同卡变玄武岩角闪石40Ar-39Ar测试分析结果
Table 2 40Ar-39Ar dating of amphibole from Tongka meta-basaltic sample
T/℃ 40Ar/39Ar 36Ar/39Ar 37Ar0/39Ar 38Ar/39Ar 40Ar/% 39Ar/10-14mol 39Ar(Cum.)/% 年龄/Ma 1σ/Ma XC8-3-5角闪石 W=150 mg J=0.004488 800 95.5860 0.2868 2.2548 0.0703 11.49 1.79 12.30 86.9 1.3 860 49.7334 0.1197 2.2435 0.0359 29.19 1.96 25.82 114.1 1.4 890 33.3277 0.0614 1.0834 1.1991 45.73 1.31 34.88 119.5 1.4 920 28.7183 0.0423 0.9520 0.0219 56.65 1.06 42.20 127.2 1.8 950 30.1886 0.0443 1.0317 0.0219 56.86 0.81 47.75 134.0 1.6 990 30.7821 0.0471 2.0677 0.0231 55.21 0.65 52.22 132.8 1.5 1040 25.7817 0.0187 2.3065 0.0172 79.18 1.57 63.05 158.4 1.6 1080 24.9939 0.0143 2.9216 0.0161 83.95 2.54 80.54 162.7 1.6 1120 31.0198 0.0349 2.6692 0.0220 67.33 0.58 84.55 162.0 1.6 1180 41.7775 0.0568 4.0128 0.0293 60.51 1.43 94.39 194.5 1.9 1260 55.8483 0.0878 4.6997 0.0386 54.12 0.60 98.52 230.3 2.3 1400 80.3377 0.1327 0.9038 0.0400 51.26 0.21 100.00 306.2 3.5
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