Orogenic peridotite and its significance
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摘要:
造山橄榄岩和蛇绿岩的橄榄岩主要由地幔岩组成,造山橄榄岩代表陆壳下的地幔,蛇绿岩的橄榄岩代表洋壳下的地幔。洋壳下的地幔与陆壳下的地幔在物质组成上大体接近,但产出的构造背景明显不同。介绍了造山橄榄岩的组成、与造山橄榄岩有关的高压-超高压变质作用、地幔流体作用、成矿作用、造山橄榄岩侵位的机制等,以及中国几个可能的造山橄榄岩的基本情况,讨论了造山橄榄岩的演变过程及其与蛇绿岩的橄榄岩的区别。造山橄榄岩的形成大体经历了初期的陆壳减薄和裂谷阶段、晚期的挤压造山2个构造演化阶段。有些地区只发育裂谷阶段,构造演化在裂谷后即夭折了,也称为造山橄榄岩。蛇绿岩与造山橄榄岩之间的区别不在物质组成和地球化学方面,而是在构造背景上。如有没有深海沉积、混杂堆积,有,是蛇绿岩;没有,则是造山橄榄岩。有没有超高压变质作用、地幔交代作用或地幔交代作用是否强烈,有且很强,可能是造山橄榄岩;没有,则可能是蛇绿岩。岩体是冷侵位还是热侵位,冷侵位是蛇绿岩,热侵位是造山橄榄岩。蛇绿岩出现在造山带,代表已经消失的洋盆;造山橄榄岩一般也出现在造山带,但代表的是减薄和撕裂的陆壳下的地幔。
Abstract:Orogenic peridotite and peridotite of ophiolite are mainly composed of mantlerock.Orogenic peridotite represents the mantle beneath the continental crust, and peridotite of ophiolite represents the mantle beneath the oceanic crust.The mantle beneath the oceanic crust is generally close to the mantle beneath the continental crust in terms of material composition, but the tectonic setting is different.This paper briefly introduces the composition of orogenic peridotites, high-pressure and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism related to orogenic peridotites, mantle fluids, mineralization, and mechanisms of orogenic peridotite emplacement, and also briefly introduces several possible orogenic peridotites in China such as the Songshugou peridotite in the Qinling Mountain, the Raobazhai rock mass in Anhui, several rock masses in the Yidun-type area in western Sichuan, Santai rock mass in western Yunnan, and Dadaoerji rock mass in Gansu.The evolution process of orogenic peridotite and its difference from ophiolite peridotite are discussed.It is pointed out that the difference between ophiolite and orogenic peridotite is not mainly in material composition and geochemistry, but in tectonic setting.Is there no abyssal sediment? Is it mixed up? Yes, it is peridotite of ophiolite; no, it is orogenic peridotite.Is there any UHP metamorphic effect? Is there mantle metasomatism or strong mantle metasomatism? Some are very strong and may be orogenic peridotites; no, they may be peridotites of ophiolite.Cold emplacement is peridotite of ophiolite, and thermal emplacement is orogenic peridotite.It is pointed out in this paper that the formation of orogenic peridotite has generally experienced two stages of tectonic evolution:the initial thinning of the continental crust, the rifting stage, and the late extruding orogenic belt.In some areas, only the rift stage is developed, and the tectonic evolution finished after the rift, also known as orogenic peridotites, such as Zabargad in the Red Sea, Ronda in Spain, Beni Bousera in Morocco, and Yidun peridotite in China.The peridotite of ophiolite appears in the orogenic belt, representing the ocean basin that has disappeared; the orogenic peridotite generally appears in the orogenic belt, but it represents the thinned and torn continental crust.It is necessary to study and demonstrate whether the peridotite that appears in the orogenic belt is ophiolite because their tectonic meanings are different.
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Keywords:
- orogenic peridotite /
- ophiolite /
- Alps /
- rift /
- ultrahigh pressure metamorphism /
- fluid /
- oceanic crust /
- continental crust
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致谢: 感谢中国地质科学院地质研究所任纪舜院士、牛宝贵研究员和西北大学陈立辉教授对本文的评论和建议,感谢审稿专家对本文的评审及建议
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图 1 造山橄榄岩的全球分布[21]
图a:TI—Tinaquillo, 委内瑞拉北部; Ho—Horoman, 日本,北海道; DS—Dabie-大别,苏鲁超高压变质,中国; Q—秦岭超高压变质带,中国; ANQ—柴达木北缘-阿尔金超高压变质带,中国; ZA—Zabargad岛, 红海,埃及;
图b:WGR—西区片麻岩带,挪威西南部; B—Bohemian地块, 捷克中部、德国东部、奥地利北部及波兰南部; V—Vosges, 法国东部; AA—Alpe Arami, 中阿尔卑斯、瑞士南部; M—Val Malenco, 阿尔卑斯中东部,意大利北部; I—Ivrea带(Finero, Balmuccia, and Baldissero), 西阿尔卑斯,意大利西北部; L—Lanzo, 西阿尔卑斯,意大利西北部; VG—Voltri群(Erro-Tobbio橄榄岩), 利古里亚西部,意大利西北部; EL—外利古里亚橄榄岩,利古里亚东部,意大利西北部; PYR—Pyrenees, 法国南部; RO—Ronda, Betic Cordillera, 西班牙南部; BB—Beni Bousera, 裂谷,摩洛哥北部; CO—Cabo Ortegal, 西班牙北部Figure 1. Location of the main orogenic peridotite occurrences in the world
图 2 造山橄榄岩、蛇绿岩和深海橄榄岩组成[21]
Figure 2. Modal compositions of orogenic, ophiolitic, and abyssal peridotites
图 3 西地中海新生代构造演化示意图[68]
Figure 3. Sketch map of Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the western Mediterranean
图 4 西班牙Ronda岩体底部剖面图(展示了从岩体底部向下变质程度逐渐降低的变化[54]; a、b、c分别表示原作者详细研究部位,本文在此省略; 蓝色星号表示原作者取样位置)
Figure 4. Schematic cross section of the crustal footwall of the Ronda peridotites at Sierra Alpujata showing the location of the studied mylonitic samples
图 5 超镁铁岩-麻粒岩组合侵位模式[96]
a—西班牙Betic裂谷带;b—比利牛斯山北部;i—伸展阶段,地壳减薄,地幔上涌,出现热异常;ii—地壳破裂阶段,地壳撕裂,橄榄岩侵入;iii—压缩阶段
Figure 5. Emplacement model of ultramafic-granuliticas sociations
图 6 造山橄榄岩(义敦型岩体)形成模式之一:裂谷模式[5]
Figure 6. Model 1:the gift model of the orogenic peridotite(Yidun type body)
图 7 造山橄榄岩形成模式之二:陆壳基底剥蚀抬升模式[5]
Figure 7. Model 2:the erosion of continental crustal basement uplift model of the orogenic peridotite
图 8 中国北秦岭松树沟超镁铁质岩体地质略图[27]
Figure 8. Simplified geological map of the Songshugou area in the Qinling Range, China
图 9 饶拨寨岩体地质图[113]
1—纯橄岩;2—方辉橄榄岩和二辉橄榄岩;3—糜棱岩化橄榄岩;4—角闪橄榄岩;5—石榴子石辉石岩;6—花岗岩;7—断层。角图中:1—元古宙-太古宙岩石;2—新元古代岩石
Figure 9. eological map of the Raobazhai peridotite
图 10 四川白玉县擦哈柯地质草图[3]
Figure 10. Sketch geological map and profile map of the Cahake Yidun-type body in Baiyu County, Sichuan
图 12 大道尔吉岩体地质示意图[122]
1—蛇纹石化纯橄岩;2—含矿纯镁橄岩;3—顽辉镁橄岩;4—辉石岩;5—条带状透辉橄榄岩;6—铬铁矿体;7—辉长岩;8—石英闪长岩;9—花岗闪长岩;10—第四系;11—条带状硅质灰岩、千枚岩及砂砾岩;12—断层;13—地质界线;14—透辉石岩相;15—富镁纯橄岩相;16—含矿纯橄岩相
Figure 12. Geological map of the Dadaoerji body
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