Lithofacies characteristics of the Longtan Formation and its control of gold mineralization in the Shuiyindong gold deposit, Southwestern Guizhou Province
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摘要:
黔西南地区水银洞超大型金矿床产于上二叠统龙潭组，金异常富集的高品位层状-似层状矿体受特定的不纯碳酸盐岩和有利岩性组合控制。对龙潭组赋矿层及围岩开展系统岩石学对比分析，总结制约龙潭组沉积作用及岩石类型的控制因素，分析龙潭组中高品位金矿体产出特征及其对岩性岩相的选择性规律。结果表明，龙潭组整体为一套浅水三角洲泥炭沼泽与滨岸潮坪泻湖相沉积，以富含有机质为特征，灰岩夹层可能代表不同时期的海侵事件；峨眉山玄武岩浆的喷溢改变吴家坪期沉积古地理格局和龙潭组中陆源碎屑岩的成分，发育与火山活动有关的沉积，矿石中铁白云石可能是火山碎屑物质热蚀变产物；富有机质和玄武质火山碎屑的不纯生物碎屑灰岩是金异常富集形成高品位矿体的重要控制因素。在黔西南地区找寻该类型矿床时应重点评价特定的岩石类型及组合特征。
Abstract:The Shuiyindong superlarge gold deposit, located in southwestern Guizhou Provence, has a high-grade layered orebody in the Upper Permian Longtan Formation(P3l).It is controlled by specific impure carbonate rocks and favorable lithology.In this paper, the authors summarized constraints on the sedimentary facies and rock characteristics of the Longtan Formation.Based on a detailed and systematic petrographic comparative analysis of the host rocks and wall rock, the authors hold that the Longtan Formation consists of a set of shallow-water delta peat bogs and coastal tidal flat lagoon sediments characterized by rich organic matter.Limestone interlayers in Longtan Formation may represent transgressive events of different periods.The Emeishan basalt magma eruption changed Wujiapingian epoch sedimentary paleogeographic pattern and composition of terrigenous clastic rocks in the formation of the Longtan Formation and developed sediments related to volcanic activity; iron dolomite in the ore might have been a thermal alteration product of volcanic clastic material; organic matter and basaltic volcanic fragments in impure bioclastic limestone was an important controlling factor for the abnormal enrichment of gold to form high-grade orebodies.When looking for this type of gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou Provence, researchers should focus on the evaluation of the favorable lithological unit.
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致谢: 中国地质大学(北京)刘家军、邱昆峰教授及审稿专家提出了宝贵的修改意见，在此一并表示衷心感谢。
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图 1 黔西南地区区域地质矿产图(据参考文献[18]修改)
Figure 1. Simplified geological map of southwestern Guizhou Province
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图 2 黔西南台地相区地层综合柱状图(据参考文献[20]修改)
Figure 2. Stratigraphic comprehensive columnar section of platform facies in southwestern Guizhou Province
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图 4 水银洞金矿床主要赋矿层岩性柱状图
Figure 4. Lithology column for the Shuiyindong gold deposit, showing relationships between major orebodies and stratigraphic units
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图版Ⅰ
A.采自龙潭组二段(P3l2)Ⅲc矿体顶板，为白云石化水云母化玄武质粘土岩，见小型交错层理；B.图版Ⅰ-A标本薄片透射光显微照片，矿物主要由水云母、白云石、有机碳质、草莓黄铁矿组成。水云母主要形成于热变质作用影响的玄武质火山凝灰物及更细的火山尘，见白云石交代水云母；C.图版Ⅰ-A标本光片反射光显微照片，有机碳质较发育，成弯曲条带状、鸡骨状、片状、无定形状等形态，常见其包裹草莓状黄铁矿生长，长条状有机碳显示长轴定向分布特征；D.采自龙潭组二段(P3l2)Ⅲc矿体底板，为白云石化玄武质粘土质粉砂岩, 见交错层理、波状层理、脉状层理；E.图版Ⅰ-D标本薄片透射光显微照片，主要由0.01~0.05 mm粒级岩屑、晶屑(少见石英晶屑)、火山灰等火山凝灰物与白云石为主的碳酸盐矿物组成。白云石矿物可能为后期热液交代富含Fe、Mg元素的玄武质火山碎屑物的白云石化蚀变形成；F.图版Ⅰ-D标本光片反射光显微照片, 光片中见微层理构造。有机碳片长轴定向或无定形有机碳质定向分布叠加了与其密切共生的草莓状黄铁矿；G.采自龙潭组二段(P3l2)Ⅲc矿体，硅化生物碎屑灰岩，具生物碎屑结构；H.图版Ⅰ-G标本薄片透射光显微照片，见泥微晶方解石为主的碳酸盐矿物胶结生物碎屑，生物碎屑主要有海绵骨针、藻类、海胆、有孔虫、海百合、三叶虫碎片等。胶结物以泥微晶方解石为主，富含有机质，透光性稍差。浸染状分布的石英不同程度交代生物碎屑与胶结物碳酸盐矿物，石英交代易发生在孔洞发育、结构疏松的生物屑部位，见方解石细脉中包裹石英颗粒或切割石英细脉；I.图版Ⅰ-G标本光片反射光显微照片，石英强烈交代的生物碎屑中黄铁矿密集分布，且多颗粒聚集生长。在硅化强烈的部位，偶见粗大辉锑矿分布石英粒间
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