The division of mélanges in the orogenic belt and its associated terminologies
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摘要:
中国造山带面积约占全国陆域面积的3/5。造山带区由于经历过复杂的多岛洋演化，陆缘增生与陆-陆碰撞等多期次强烈的构造活动，形成了类型多样的混杂岩。混杂岩的识别与分类是造山带地质编图的重点与难点。本文介绍国际国内对混杂岩概念的理解，对与混杂岩紧密相关的名词术语，如蛇绿岩和蛇绿混杂岩、俯冲增生杂岩、杂岩、岩片和超岩片、非史密斯地层、构造地层、洋板块地层、对接缝合带、叠接缝合带等的含义进行了阐述。针对中国造山带地质特征，中国造山带混杂岩可划分出沉积混杂、构造混杂、沉积-构造复合混杂三大类。沉积混杂主要发生在威尔逊旋回的早期阶段（洋拉张阶段），构造混杂和沉积-构造复合混杂主要发生在威尔逊旋回的晚期阶段（洋俯冲消减-碰撞阶段），俯冲增生杂岩是俯冲带由俯冲消减-碰撞作用形成的构造混杂岩。
Abstract:The area of orogenic belts in China covers nearly three-fifths of the land area.Multiple episodes of deformation during the tectonic evolution of orogenic belts, such as archipelagic ocean evolution, continental subduction-accretion and continental collision, caused diverse types of mélanges.Therefore, it is the key point and challenges to differentiate various types of mélanges and recognize the primary block-in-matrix fabric of the mélange on the basis of geological mapping.In this paper, the authors have made a brief introduction and exposition of the current concepts of mélange and mélange nomenclature, such as ophiolite, ophiolite mélange, subduction-accreation complex, complex, slice, superslice, non-Smith strata, tectonostratigraphy, ocean plate stratigraphy, subordinate suture zone and main suture zone.The authors divide the mélanges into three types:olistostrome(sedimentary mélange), tectonic mélange, and sedimentary-tectonic polygenetic mélange, based on the features of orogenic belts in China.Olistostrome(sedimentary mélange)was formed in an extensional environment during the early stage of the Wilson cycle.The other two were formed at the late stage in association with the evolution of oceanic crust subduction or continental collision.Subduction-accretion complex is the product of tectonic mélange as a result of subduction-accretion process in the subduction zone.
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Keywords:
- mélange /
- subduction-accretion complex /
- tectonic mélange /
- orogenic belt /
- China
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致谢: 本文得到中国地质科学院地质研究所李廷栋院士、中国地质大学殷鸿福院士、中国地质调查局成都地质调查中心潘桂棠研究员、中国地质科学院地质研究所肖庆辉研究员、中国地质调查局天津地质调查中心陆松年研究员、中国地质大学邓晋福教授、中国地质调查局西安地质调查中心冯益民研究员、中国地质科学院地质研究所李锦轶、丁孝中、庄育勋、张进研究员等专家的悉心指导，在此深表感谢。
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图 2 六类不同类型蛇绿岩示意图[43]
a—洋中脊蛇绿岩(N-MORB); b—与地幔柱相关的蛇绿岩(P-MORB); c—陆缘蛇绿岩(E-MORB); d—初始消减带蛇绿岩(FAB); e—弧后盆地蛇绿岩(BABB); f—洋脊消减蛇绿岩(C-MORB); OIB—洋岛玄武岩
Figure 2. Schematic representation of the genesis of six different types of ophiolite
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图 4 江西新余神山地区由神山组和库里组构成的俯冲增生杂岩带[111]
a—新余神山地区地质图，褐黄色地质体为神山组和库里组，是由一系列近EW向断层分割的构造岩片拼贴体; b—a图中沿AB方向的实测地质剖面，是一系列由北向南逆冲的断层分割的岩片堆叠体，每个岩片内的浅变质强劈理化细粒浊积岩中同斜倒转褶皱十分发育，北部的一些岩片的浊积岩(基质)内包裹超基性和基性岩岩块; 图b中A~ P为构造岩片编码
Figure 4. Subduction accretionary complex consisting of Shenshan Formation and Kuli Formation in Xinyu Shenshan area, Jiangxi Province
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表 1 非史密斯地层、大地构造地层和构造地层特征及其对比(据参考文献[121]修改)
Table 1 The contrast of non-Smith strata, tectono-strata and structure-strata
比较点 非史密斯地层 构造地层 (大地)构造地层 (形变)构造地层 定义 经历过不同程度的混杂建造，并经历了变位、变形、变质、全部无序或部分无序的地(岩)层。简言之是针对造山带混杂岩的地层序列重建研究的地层学分支学科 针对地层形成的大地构造环境与大地构造地层带区划、不同构造环境地层序列重建与对比研究的地层学的分支学科 由区域性韧性或韧脆性构造界面为边界的顶、底面所围限的，不同变形样式和不同变质级别的，由不同岩性特征的岩层(石)组合所构成并在三度空间范围内具有一定延伸规模的“岩石体” 重点研究区 造山带混杂岩区 造山带及古大陆边缘 变质岩区 研究对象的主要岩石类型 各类混杂岩 各种大地构造单元内的所有地层建造体 完全或部分失去原生面理的变质岩 研究对象的变质程度 极浅变质→深变质
原生面理存在→完全置换不变质→深变质
原生面理存在→完全置换中深变质为主
原生面理部分置换→完全置换研究对象的有序性 部分有序→全部无序 有序→全部无序 部分有序→全部无序 基本地层单位 岩片(含岩块和基质) (岩)组 岩组 主要研究方法 构造岩片四维裂拼复原法，即岩片的物态、时态、相态、位态、变形变质历程恢复法 先划分大地构造单元，再分别建立地层系统并进行相互间对比研究 利用构造形变样式、期次、变质建造、变质相系和变质过程的差异划分对比地(岩)层，即称之为构造-地(岩)层-事件法 
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表 2 对接带与叠接带的区别(据参考文献[91]修改)
Table 2 The differentiation between main suture zone and subordinate suture zone
序号 对接带(main suture zone) 叠接带(subordinate suture zone) 都发育有蛇绿岩带、弧岩浆岩带、双变质带与俯冲增生杂岩带，并行分布 1 缝合带所含蛇绿岩以NMORB型为主，是大洋消亡的残迹 缝合带所含蛇绿岩以EMORB、FAB、BABB等类型或SSZ型为主，主要是弧后、弧间小洋盆消亡的残迹 2 蛇绿岩时代分布大于2亿年，通常为2 ~ 8亿年 蛇绿岩时代分布小于2亿年 3 缝合带呈狭带状分布数千千米 缝合带呈狭带状分布一般仅数百千米 4 远洋沉积(无陆源碎屑混入的极细粒的硅、灰、锰、炭、凝灰质)发育好 远洋沉积(无陆源碎屑混入的极细粒的硅、灰、锰、炭、凝灰质)发育差 5 缝合带两侧无统一的基底，两侧的陆块基底与盖层组成长期不同 两侧有统一的基底，分隔的两个大陆边缘沉积序列短期内不同 6 分隔的陆块古地磁位置长期各自处于不同位置，并相距远 分隔的陆块古地磁位置相距不大 7 是生物大区(底栖类)的长期分界线，后期混生 不是生物大区(底栖类)的长期分界线
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混杂类型 大地构造环境 混杂机制与混杂方式 成因解释的混杂岩岩块类型
(纯岩性描述的岩块类型)混杂岩基质岩性 洋板块地层系统 各类混杂岩形成示意图 沉积混杂(总体有序局部无序) 拉张环境为主 重力+构造力；重力流、震积、海啸、礁缘崩塌等 滑移岩块(灰岩、白云岩、大理岩、石英岩等)
塌积岩块(灰岩、白云岩、大理岩、石英岩等)浊积岩，远洋硅、钙、锰、炭，凝灰质泥页岩 洋盆初始拉张与离散期陆缘地层系统 
构造混杂(总体无序局部有序) 主要形成于汇聚俯(仰)冲环境 构造力(压性和压剪性为主)+热力；
俯冲刮削拼贴式、构造底辟拼贴式、俯冲折返拼贴式、仰冲推覆拼贴式等洋壳残片(蛇绿岩)岩块(蛇纹岩、橄榄岩、辉橄岩、橄辉岩、辉长岩、辉绿岩、玄武岩等 远洋薄层硅质岩、蛇蚊石化构造岩、浊积岩、凝灰质泥页岩 洋脊海岭地层系统 火山(岛)弧岩块(流纹岩、安山岩、玄武岩、火山碎屑岩等) 浊积岩、凝灰质泥页岩 火山(岛)弧地层系统 海山玄武岩岩块(玄武岩)
海山碳酸盐岩岩块(灰岩、白云岩、大理岩等)钙屑浊积岩、硅、钙泥页岩 海山地层系统 洋内弧残片岩块(玄武岩、玻安岩、高镁安山岩等) 远洋硅质岩、凝灰质泥页岩 洋内弧地层系统 弧前海台碳酸盐岩岩块(灰岩、白云岩、大理岩等) 钙屑浊积岩、凝灰质泥页岩 陆缘弧-弧前或海沟地层系统 浊积扇扇根砾岩楔岩块(杂砾岩、粗粒杂砂岩等 浊积岩、凝灰质泥页岩 超高压-高压变质岩片(榴辉岩、蓝片岩等) 浊积岩、构造岩、浅海-深海细碎屑岩、薄层硅质岩 裂离地块盖层岩块(灰岩、白云岩、大理岩、砂砾岩等) 浅海-深海细碎屑岩、浊积岩 裂解地块地层系统 裂离地块基底岩块(片岩、片麻岩等) 复合混杂(总体无序局部有序) 离散、汇聚、俯冲、碰撞、陆内俯冲-走滑多期叠合改造 经如下阶段逐步复合形成：
①离散阶段：形成沉积混杂岩；
②汇聚俯冲阶段：在以构造混杂为主的过程中，同期伴随沉积混杂，并卷入了离散阶段形成的沉积混杂岩；
③碰撞和陆内俯冲-走滑阶段：对以前形成的混杂岩进一步肢解与改造
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表 4 造山带混杂岩地质填图和编图单元划分与代号
Table 4 The division of units and codes for the mélange mapping in the orogenic belt
一级
××增生杂岩带
(适用于全国1:250万~1:500万编图)二级
××增生杂岩亚带
(或××增生杂岩岩片)
(适用于大区域1:50万~1:100万编图)三级
××(混杂岩)基质和××(混杂岩)岩块
(适用于1:25万~1:2.5万区域地质填图)代号：时代(正体)+SA(斜体)+命名地首字母(大写斜体) 代号：时代(大写正体)+增生杂岩亚带(或岩片)代号(小写斜体)。如“泥盆纪蛇绿岩增生亚带”的代号为：Dop 代号：岩石岩性代号(正体)+时代(小写正体上标)，岩石岩性代号用GB T 958—2015区域地质图图例中的代号。如:“二叠纪玄武岩岩块”的代号为：βp 增生杂岩带如“古生代布青山增生杂岩带”的代号为PzSAB 蛇绿岩增生亚带(或岩片)op
(以蛇绿岩岩块大量分布的区带为标志，边界是断层)超镁铁质岩岩块Σ (蛇纹石化)橄榄岩岩块 (蛇纹石化)(堆晶)辉橄岩-橄辉岩岩块 辉石岩岩块 (堆晶)辉长岩岩块
辉绿岩岩块
(枕状)玄武岩岩块
(放射虫)硅质岩岩块洋内弧增生亚带(或岩片)oa
(以洋内弧岩块大量分布的区带为标志，边界是断层)玄武岩(MORB-Like玄武岩、富铌玄武岩)岩块
高镁安山岩岩块火山弧增生亚带(或岩片)va
(以火山弧岩块大量分布的区带为标志，边界是断层)玄武岩、安山岩、流纹岩、火山碎屑岩等岩块 洋岛-海山增生亚带(或岩片)sm
(以洋岛-海山岩块大量分布的区带为标志，边界是断层)玄武岩(洋岛玄武岩)岩块
碳酸盐岩(灰岩、白云岩等)岩块
塌积砾岩岩块弧前碳酸盐岩海台增生亚带(或岩片)cp
(以弧前碳酸盐岩海台岩块大量分布的区带为标志，边界是断层)碳酸盐岩(灰岩、白云岩等)岩块 塌积砾岩岩块 裂离地块增生亚带(或岩片)sb
(以裂离地块岩块大量分布的区带为标志，边界是断层)片岩、片麻岩、砂砾岩、灰岩、白云岩、大理岩等岩块 超高压-高压变质岩增生亚带(或岩片)hp(以超高压-高压变质岩片岩块大量分布的区带为标志，边界是断层) 蓝片岩、榴辉岩等岩块 远洋沉积增生亚带(或岩片)sa (基质) 硅、灰、炭、锰、凝灰质岩等岩段(基质) 弧前和海沟斜坡浊积岩增生亚带(或岩片)td (基质) 杂砂岩、板岩等岩段(基质)，杂砾岩岩块(为浊积扇扇面水下分支河道砾岩楔，常以岩块形式出现)
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