Progress and comparative study of deep earth exploration in China and the United States
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摘要:
地球深部探测是了解地球深部构造、物质成分分布及演化规律的重要手段。美国是世界上地球深部探测工作开展较先进的国家。为充分了解中国和美国在地球深部探测领域的发展水平和存在差距，介绍了中国和美国地球深部探测工作的开展情况，对中美两国的深部探测工作进行了详细对比与研究，发现中国的地震探测程度较浅、探测精度较低、实验数据量较少、资金投入较低，总体探测水平与美国存在明显差距，但中国深部探测工作的力度正在不断加大，在地球化学、大地电磁测量、科学钻探等方面逐渐形成了自己的优势领域。在分析对比中美地球深部探测进展的基础上，提出了加大深部地震探测力度、增加科学钻井的数量、建立单独的野外观测与数据管理基地等建议。
Abstract:Deep Earth exploration is an important approach to understanding deep structure, material composition and evolution of the Earth.The United States is a relatively advanced country in the world in the aspect of deep exploration of the Earth.In order to fully understand the development level and the gap between China and the United States in the field of deep exploration of the Earth, the authors first introduced projects for the development of deep Earth exploration in China and the United States, and then conducted detailed comparative analysis and research on the deep exploration work of China and the United States.The results show that, in China, the level of seismic detection is relatively shallow, the detection accuracy is relatively low, the quantity of experimental data is relatively small, the capital investment is relatively low, and hence there is a significant gap of overall exploration level between the two countries.However, the intensity of deep exploration work in China is constantly increasing, and it has gradually formed its own advantages in geochemistry, magnetotelluric measurement and scientific drilling.Based on the analysis and comparisonof the progress of the deep exploration of the Earth in China and the United States, the authors propose to increase the intensity of deep seismic exploration, increase the number of scientific drilling, and establish a separate field observation and data management base.
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致谢: 感谢国际地质调查动态跟踪与分析项目组全体成员的支持。
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图 2 帕克菲尔德圣安德烈斯断裂带SAFOD和2002年导向钻孔(Pilot hole)剖面图解[11]
(红色点代表监测仪器，白色点代表 2.5 km至大于10 km深度处微型地震震源。剖面的颜色从红到蓝代表地下电阻率从低到高，微型地震活动区域上部低电阻率岩石区域可能代表流体富集带)
Figure 2. Profile illustration of SAFOD and the pilot hole in 2002
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图 3 USArrary机动地震台阵布设(截至2017年10月)[14]
Figure 3. Flexible Array layout of USArrary(as of October 2017)
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图 4 大地电磁测量滚动阵列(MT-TA)、基准阵列(MT-BB)、机动阵列(MT-FA)和美国地质调查局(USGS)布设的观测点分布图(截至2019年1月)[14]
Figure 4. Map of Magnetotelluric Transportable Array(MT-TA), backbone network(MT-BB), Flexible Array(MT-FA)and observation point deployed by USGS(as of January 2019)
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图 5 目前布设在阿拉斯加和加拿大西部的USArrary台站(截至2019年4月)[17]
Figure 5. USArrary observation stations currently deployed in Alaska and western Canada(as of April 2019)
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图 8 华北、华南“两区”综合探测测试验区部署图[38]
Figure 8. North China and South China"Two Zones" comprehensive detection and testing area deployment map
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图 10 美国COCORP反射地震剖面(红线)分布图[46]
Figure 10. Map of the US COCORP reflection seismic profile(red line)
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图 12 USArrary滚动台阵(截至2016年8月)[14]
Figure 12. Transportable Array of USArrary(as of August 2016)
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图 13 中国Sinoprobe大地电磁场“标准点”观测网[37]
Figure 13. Magnetotelluric "Standard Point" observation network of Sinoprobe in China
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图 14 美国Earthscope大地电磁测量已布设的滚动台阵(白色圆圈)、美国地质调查局布设的台阵(黄色圆圈)和未来计划布设的滚动台阵(空心圆)(截至2019年1月)[14]
Figure 14. Transportable Array deployed in Earthscope Magnetotelluric survey(white circle), the array deployed by USGS(yellow circle), and Transportable Array planned for the future(hollow circle)(as of January 2019)
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图 11 中国深反射地震探测剖面(红线)部署示意图[37]
Figure 11. Schematic map of China's deep reflection seismic survey profile(red line)deployment
表 1 中美地球深部探测工作对比
Table 1 Comparison of deep earth exploration in China and the United States
美国 中国 地震探测 探测剖面和观测网络已基本覆盖全美大陆 探测剖面长度较短，尚未布设全国规模的观测网络 大地电磁观测网络 尚未覆盖整个美国大陆 已覆盖全国大陆 科学钻探 起步较早，钻孔数量较多，钻取岩心较长，钻探深度较浅 起步较晚，钻孔数量较少，钻取岩心较短，钻探深度较深 地球化学探测 未建立观测网 已建立地球化学基准网 探测精度 较高 较低 实验数据量 较多 较少 科研管理模式 拥有专门的实验观测与数据管理机构 尚未设立专门的实验观测机构 资金投入 较多 较少 社会效益 设立相关专项，科普力度较大、延伸范围较广 尚未设立相关专项，社会效益相对较弱 
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