Metallogenic model and discovery significance of the Chuakelaqian cryptoexplosion breccia type Pb-Zn deposit in the Qimantag metallogenic belt, Qinghai Province
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摘要:
青海省东昆仑成矿带西段的祁漫塔格地区与三叠纪花岗岩、斑岩有关的斑岩型、接触交代矽卡岩型、热液型矿产广泛分布。近年以缺位预测成矿理论为指导，在祁漫塔格发现了一处新类型矿床——楚阿克拉千隐爆角砾岩型铅锌矿床。开展了流体包裹体和氢、氧、硫同位素研究，结果表明矿床内存在明显的2类流体，一类为中高温低盐度低密度NaCl-CO2-H2O流体，另一类为低温中等盐度中低密度NaCl-H2O流体，2类流体反映的成矿压力明显不同，与隐爆作用吻合，压力的突然释放是成矿的关键。氢、氧同位素结果表明，成矿热液来源于岩浆水和大气降水的混合，硫同位素显示硫来源于岩浆。对矿床特征分析总结，综合认为，矿床的形成与斑岩活动密切相关，结合卡尔却卡A区斑岩成矿特征，建立了楚阿克拉千矿床成矿模式，提出了楚阿克拉千地区具有斑岩型找矿潜力的认识。该矿床的发现对于促进东昆仑地区斑岩找矿突破和斑岩成矿规律研究具有重要的科学意义和勘查意义。
Abstract:There are many skarn, hydrothermal and porphyry type deposits which are closely related to Triassic granite and porphyry in Qimantag area of western East Kunlun metallogenic belt, Qinghai Province.A new type deposit, i.e., Chuakelaqian cryptoexplosion breccia type lead-zinc deposit, was discovered recently by vacancy prediction metallogenic theory.Based on a study of fluid inclusions and H-O-S isotopes, the authors found that there were two kinds of fluids in the Chuakelaqian deposit.One was middle-high temperature low salinity low density NaCl-CO2-H2O fluid and the other was low temperature middle salinity middle-low density NaCl-H2O fluid.Metallogenic pressures of two types of fluids were different.This coincides with the key of cryptoexplosion and mineralization that pressure is suddenly released.Ore-forming fluids originated from the mixing of magmatic and meteoritic water and S originated from magmatic activity.Based on summary of deposit characteristics, it is considered that the deposit was closely related to porphyry. The metallogenic model of the deposit was built up in combination with porphyry metallogenic characteristics of A area in the Kaerqueka deposit. The opinion that there exists large potential in prospecting for porphyry type deposits in the Chuakelaqian area was put forward. The discovery of this deposit has important scientific and exploration significance for promoting the breakthrough of porphyry prospecting and the study on metallogenic regularity of porphyry in Eastern Kunlun area.
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致谢: 野外工作得到青海省第三地质勘查院刘国燕高级工程师等的帮助，论文编写过程中审稿专家提出了许多宝贵意见，在此一并表示最诚挚的感谢。
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图 1 楚阿克拉千地区地质矿产图
a—楚阿克拉千地区大地构造位置图；b—楚阿克拉千及邻区地质矿产图；c—楚阿克拉千矿区地质图。1—第四系；2—上三叠统鄂拉山组；3—中元古界金水口岩群；4—中三叠世花岗闪长岩；5—中三叠世二长花岗岩；6—中三叠世似斑状二长花岗岩；7—隐爆角砾岩；8—花岗斑岩；9—破碎蚀变带；10—铜矿体；11—实测性质不明断层；12—推测性质不明断层；13—钻孔；14—勘探线及编号；15—地质界线；16—卡尔却卡A区；Ⅰ—北昆仑构造带；Ⅰ-1—昆北三弧盆地；Ⅰ-1-1—滩北雪峰-乌兰乌珠尔盆地；Ⅰ-1-2—野马泉-苏海图盆地；Ⅰ-1-3—那陵格勒河盆地；Ⅰ-2—昆中岩浆弧；Ⅱ—南昆仑构造带；Ⅱ-1—东昆仑南坡俯冲碰撞杂岩带
Figure 1. Geological and mineral resources map of the Chuakelaqian area
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图版Ⅰ
a.岩筒边部不含矿的隐爆角砾岩，具有典型爆破角砾结构；b.岩筒中部含矿隐爆角砾岩，部分角砾可拼，硫化物胶结， 浸染状矿化；c.岩筒中部含矿隐爆角砾岩，硫化物胶结，部分角砾见黄铜矿化和黄铁矿化；d.隐爆角砾岩显微照片， 单偏光；e、f.岩筒顶部硅化壳
图版Ⅰ.
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图 2 楚阿克拉千矿床勘探线剖面图
a—纵向剖面图；b—0勘探线剖面图；c—7勘探线剖面图；d—3勘探线剖面图；1—(似斑状)二长花岗岩；2—花岗斑岩；3—花岗闪长岩；4—隐爆角砾岩；5—铜矿体；6—铅锌矿体；7—黄铜矿化；8—方铅矿化、闪锌矿化；9—黄铁矿化；10—褐铁矿化；11—绿泥石化；12—钻孔；13—品位(%)/厚度(m)
Figure 2. Geological section along the prospecting line in the Chuakelaqian deposit
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图 3 隐爆角砾岩矿石特征
a—铅锌矿石；b—铜铅锌矿石
Figure 3. Geological characteristics of the cryptoexplosive breccia
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图 4 楚阿克拉千铅锌矿区流体包裹体显微照片
Figure 4. Microphotographs of fluid inclusions of the Chuakelaqian lead-zinc deposit
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图 5 楚阿克拉千铅锌矿床流体包裹体均一温度、盐度分布直方图
a、b—Ⅰ型流体包裹体；c、d—Ⅲ型流体包裹体
Figure 5. Histogram of homogenization temperature and salinity of fluid inclusions from the Chuakelaqian lead-zinc deposit
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图 7 卡尔却卡A区Ⅰ矿带0勘探线剖面
Figure 7. Geological section along No.0 exploration line ofⅠore belt in A area of Kaerqueka
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图 8 楚阿克拉千矿床成矿模式图
1—似斑状二长花岗岩；2—花岗斑岩；3—二长花岗岩；4—隐爆角砾岩；5—性质不明断层；6—实测及推测地质界线；7—已施工钻孔(图左侧为卡尔却卡矿床钻孔，图右侧为楚阿克拉千矿床钻孔)；8—铜矿体；9—铜矿化体；10—铅锌矿体；11—推测斑岩型铜矿体
Figure 8. Metallogenic model of the Chuakelaqian deposit
表 1 楚阿克拉千矿区流体包裹体测试结果
Table 1 The analyses of fluid inclusions from the Chuakelaqian lead-zinc deposit
序号 样品号 包体类型 测试数 大小/μm 气液比/% Tm/℃ Tht/℃ S/%NaCI ρ/(g·cm-3) p/MPa Hs/km 1 W1 L+V型 12 6~11 20~30 -6.9~-3.0 133.2~200.0 4.98~10.15 0.92~1.01 13.58~20.50 1.36~2.05 L+V+V型 8 7~15 20~25 -58.9~-58.0 230.9~379.9 1.67~4.23 0.87~0.95 15.62~29.38 1.57~2.94 2 W2 L+V型 16 6~12 20~30 -6.6~-3.1 130.4~190.7 5.37~10.31 0.94~0.98 11.09~19.00 1.11~1.92 L+V+V型 20 7~15 20~30 -58.8~-57.1 256.2~362.2 1.49~4.16 0.85~0.94 17.55~26.55 1.76~2.66 3 W3 L+V型 19 6~12 20~30 -6.8~-3.0 121.1~196.0 5.43~9.76 0.94~1.01 10.94~19.46 1.10~1.95 L+V+V型 14 7~15 20~30 -59.0~-56.7 178.7~377.2 1.51~4.19 0.85~0.95 12.98~28.79 1.30~2.88 4 W4 L+V型 15 6~12 20~30 -6.7~-3.3 142.2~194.8 5.11~10.46 0.92~0.99 14.15~19.44 1.42~1.95 L+V+V型 10 7~15 20~30 -59.0~-56.9 187.5~344.8 1.53~3.71 0.87~0.94 14.21~26.45 1.43~2.65 
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表 2 楚阿克拉千矿区隐爆角砾岩氢、氧、硫同位素分析结果
Table 2 H-O-S isotopes of cryptoexplosion breccias in the Chuakelaqian deposit
送样编号 δDV-SMOW/‰ δ18O矿物V-SMOW/‰ δ18O水V-SMOW/‰ 测试矿物 δ34SV-CDT/‰ W1 -51 6.3 -4.1 W2 -61 9.3 -1.1 W3 -39 6.7 -3.7 W4 -61 5.7 -4.7 TW2 黄铁矿 8.6 TW3 黄铁矿 8.4 TW4-S 闪锌矿 8.9 TW5-F 方铅矿 6.1 TW5-S 闪锌矿 8.8
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表 3 楚阿克拉千隐爆角砾岩与支家地隐爆角砾岩对比
Table 3 Comparison of cryptoexplosion breccias between Chuakelaqian and Zhijiadi
矿床 分带 角砾 蚀变 矿化 可拼贴性 大小/cm 成分 支家地[37] 裂隙相 强 20~50，最大200以上 围岩 不发育 裂隙脉状 震碎相 可拼合 5~20 围岩 碳酸盐化，其次是硅化 角砾状充填 爆裂相 差 2~5，少数5~15 围岩、基底岩系及斑岩 硅化，其次是绢云母化、碳酸盐化 浸染状、细脉状 通道相 0.2~1 斑岩 硅化 裂隙脉状 楚阿克拉千 可拼合-差 通常3~10，部分大于15 围岩及斑岩 绢云母化、硅化、绿泥石化、碳酸
盐化、高岭土化中部发育，浸染状构造
为主，局部为块状构造
和脉状构造
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