Paleo-earthquake evidence and its quantitative evaluationin trenches:Exemplified by active strike-slip faults
-
摘要:
探槽古地震事件的识别取决于对沉积地层中封存的构造变形和沉积响应的解译。基于国内外88篇走滑断裂古地震研究论文，系统总结分析了古地震事件的多种识别标志，主要包括地层的垂向错断、断层向上逐渐尖灭、生长地层、裂缝充填、角度不整合、砂土液化、崩积楔、褶皱等。这些识别标志的质量和数量是判别古地震事件的关键。综合分析认为，地震成因识别标志与非构造成因及蠕滑产生的变形不同，而不同识别标志对地震层位的限定有证据强弱之分。在充分考虑地域和人为因素的影响下，根据识别标志的强弱，对探槽揭露事件的地层证据进行半定量化分析，这在实际工作中不仅可以最大限度地降低误判地震事件的可能性，排除非地震成因变形的影响，也能更客观地反映地震事件的可信度。
Abstract:Identification of paleo-earthquake events in trench depends on the interpretation of the structural deformations and associated sedimentary responses preserved in the sedimentary strata. Based on 88papers of paleoseismic studies of strike-slip fault published in China and abroad, the authors systematically summarized the empirical paleoseismic indicators, which includes vertical offset, upward termination of fault, growth strata, infilled fissures, angular unconformities, liquefactions, colluvial wedges and folds. The quality and frequency of these event indicators constitute the key to distinguishing paleoseismic events and event horizons. Ground deformation caused by non-structuralfactor and creepingis slightly different from eventindicators.In practice, the semiquantitative methodcan minimize the influence of non-seismic genetic deformations, reduce the risk of misestimating of paleoearthquake events, and give an objective event confidence level.
-
Keywords:
- strike-slip fault /
- paleoearthquake trench /
- paleoearthquake /
- event indicators /
- creeping
-
致谢: 感谢中国地震灾害防御中心王继高级工程师提供的玉树地震地表破裂照片。
-
![]()
图 1 走滑型地震产生的各种地表破裂样式
a—2001年昆仑山口Ms8.1地震同震破裂；b—断层陡坎与快速堆积形成的崩积楔；c—地震形成的拉张裂缝和挤压鼓包；d—2010年玉树Ms7.1同震破裂
Figure 1. Various patterns of surface rupture produced by strike-slip earthquakes
![]()
图 2 走滑断裂古地震识别标志类型统计
a—走滑断裂识别标志出现频次统计图；b—单一探槽点识别标志出现类型数占比（1~6为单个探槽点出现的识别标志类型个数；例如，探槽点只存在一种类型识别标志的情况占比16%）；GS—生长地层；UT—断层向上的尖灭；FIS—裂缝；AV—角度不整合；VO—垂向错开；LF—砂土液化；CW—崩积楔；FD—褶皱
Figure 2. Statistical features of the paleo-earthquake event indicators
![]()
图 3 走滑断裂古地震事件典型识别标志
(图中红色实线表示断层，黑色、灰色实线为地层界线，数字为地层编号)
A-圣安德列斯断裂Wrightwood探槽点地层的垂向错开[31]; B-断层向上的逐渐尖灭, 地层断距向上逐渐减小, 直至消失[111]; C-生长地层成因模式图; D-阿尔金断裂铜矿探槽褶皱变形[110]; E-阿尔金断裂铜矿探槽点裂缝充填[110]; F-圣安德烈斯断裂Carrizo Plain探槽点角度不整合与裂缝充填[35]; G-崩积楔形成模式图[36], a-c为走滑兼正断崩积楔形成模式; a'-c'为走滑兼逆断崩积楔形成模式; H-砂土液化模式图与喷砂冒水, a-b为砂土液化模式图[113], c为喷砂冒水[18]; I-断层向上逐渐尖灭[24]Figure 3. Typical paleoearthquake evidence on strike-slip faults
![]()
图 4 阿尔金断裂铜矿探槽古地震事件识别标志等级划分[110]
A~E—古地震事件的可能层位：100、130、161、165、203、260/250、300、320、330、450、510
Figure 4. The event indicator rank of paleo-earthquake events of the copper mine trench on the Altun fault
![]()
图 5 铜矿探槽古地震事件识别标志定量化统计[110]
Figure 5. Quantitative histograms of paleo-earthquake event indicators of the copper mine trench on the Altun fault
表 1 走滑断裂探槽古地震识别标志统计
Table 1 Summary of the event indicators of strike-slip faults
编号 断裂 断裂性质 探槽点 识别标志 1[16，24-25.30-31] SAF 右旋 Wrightwood GS, UT, FIS, AU，VO 2[22, 32-33] SAF 右旋 Pallett Creek LF, UT，VO，FIS，CW 3[34-35] SAF 右旋 Carrizo Plain FIS，VO, AU 4[36-38] HWF 右旋 Tyson's Lagoon CW, LF, UT, AU 5[39] SAF 右旋 Pitman Canyon UT, FIS, FD，VO 6[40] MCF 右旋 Thousand Palms Oasis FIS，VO, UT 7[41] MCF 右旋 Coachella UT, FIS, LF，GS，CW 8[42] SAF 右旋 Mill Canyon FIS，VO，CW 9[43] SJF 右旋 Imperial Valley VO，FIS, LF，UT 10[44] RCF 右旋 Rodgers Creek VO 11[45] SAF 右旋 Frazier Mountain UT, LF，FIS 12[46] SAF 右旋 Plunge Creek UT 13[47] SAF 右旋 Grizzly flat UT，VO 14[48-49] SAF 右旋 Northern Carrizo Plain VO，CW, FIS, UT 15[50] SAF 右旋 Hazel Dell UT，VO，GS，FIS 16[51] EF 右旋 Agua Tibia Mountain UT, FD 17[52] SAF 右旋 Olema UT，FIS，CW 18[53] SAF 右旋 Dogtown FIS，VO，UT 19[54] SAF 右旋 Fort Ross CW 20[20, 55] SAF 右旋 Frazier Mountain FISS, UT, GS，VO 21[56] PVF 右旋 Panamint Valley FIS，VO，UT 22[57-58] GF 左旋 EI Paso Peaks FIS, FD, UT，AU 23[59] GF 左旋 Twin Lakes GS, UT，FIS，CW 24[60] CF 右旋 Newberry Springs UT，GS，FIS 25[19] SJF 右旋 Hog Lake FIS, FD, AU, GS, LF 26[61] MVFZ 右旋 Sulphur Creek FIS，VO，UT 27[62] MVFZ 右旋 Calpine FIS, UT，CW 28[63] LLF 右旋 Lavic Lake VO, LF 29[64] RF 左旋 Los Angeles CW, FIS, UT, AU，VO 30[65] SAF 右旋 Mystic Lake UT, FIS, FD，AU，GS 31[66] MLF 右旋 Mesquite Lake VO, FIS，GS, LF 32[67] NAF 右旋 Alayurt UT，CW 33[68] EAF 左旋 Lake Hazar FIS，VO，CW 34[69] NAF 右旋 Gunalan UT, VO, FIS, LF, GS，CW 35[70] NAF 右旋 Lake Ladik CW 36[71] NAF 右旋 Elmacik CW 37[72] NAF 右旋 Cukurcimen UT, FD, LF，GS，FIS 38[3] NAF 右旋 Hisar River CW 39[74] NAF 右旋 Demir Tepe UT, FIS, AU 40[75] NAF 右旋 Yaylabeli UT, FIS, GS, LF 41[76] NAF 右旋 Gizelkoy UT, AU，VO，CW 42[77] NAF 右旋 Kaynasli and Mengencik UT, FIS, LF，VO，GS，CW 43[78] NAF 右旋 Kavakkoy UT, FD, FIS，GS 44[79] NAF 右旋 Kavakkoy，Ottoman，Kosekoy LF, FD，FIS，VO 45[80] DSF 左旋 Jordan Valley FIS, UT, AU 46[81] DSF 左旋 Zebadani Valley CW 47[82] DSF 左旋 Yotvata UT, FIS 48[83] DSF 左旋 Jordan Gorge UT，VO 49[84] DSF 左旋 Jordan Gorge UT, GS, FIS, FD, AU 50[85-86] DSF 左旋 Yammouneh UT，VO，CW，FIS 51[87] AWF 右旋 Lake Jasper UT，CW 52[14] AF 右旋 Haast UT, LF，CW 53[88] HF 右旋 Greenburn Stream CW，VO, UT, LF, AU 54[89] WF 右旋 Wairau UT 55[90] ANF 右旋 Anar AU, FIS, LF, UT 56[91] NBF 右旋 Nayband UT, AU，VO, FD, LF, FIS 57[92] DF 右旋 Dead Mouse FD, UT, VO, FIS，AU，GS 58[93] ZMHF 左旋 大箐梁子 CW, FIS，VO 59[94] ZMHF 左旋 大箐梁子 UT，CW，FIS 60[95] ZMHF 左旋 大箐梁子 CW, UT 61[96] ANHF 左旋 沙沟村 CW, VO, LF 62[97] HYF 右旋 干盐池 UT, GS, FIS，VO，AU 63[98] HYF 右旋 干盐池 CW, FIS, GS, FD, UT, VO 64[99] HYF 右旋 松山 FIS, GS, FD，CW，VO, UT 65[100] HYF 右旋 高湾子 VO，FIS 66[101] ATF 左旋 索尔库里 AU，VO, FIS, UT 67[102] ATF 左旋 索尔库里 UT, FIS, AU，VO 68[103-104] ATF 左旋 半果巴 CW，VO，UT 69[103] ATF 左旋 阿克塞老县城西 VO 70[105] TLF 右旋 马窑 VO 71[106] HHF 右旋 发启村 VO 72[107] XJF 左旋 两岔河 CW，VO 73[108] QCF 右旋 Dujiaba VO 74[109] ATF 左旋 阿克塞 GS，VO, UT, LF，CW 75[110] ATF 左旋 索尔库里 AU, FD，GS，UT，FD，FIS 注:SAF-圣安德列斯断裂(San Andreas Fault); HWF-海沃德断裂(Hayward Fault); MCF-密森河断裂(Mission Creek Fault); RCF-罗杰斯河(Rodgers Creek Fault); MLF-梅斯基特湖断裂(Mesquite Lake Fault); GF-加洛克断裂(Garlock Fault); EF-艾尓欣诺断裂(Elsinore Fault); SJF-圣哈辛托断裂(San Jacinto Fault); CF-卡里克断裂(Calico Fault); MVFZ-马霍断裂带(Mohawk Valley Fault Zone); LLF-拉维克湖断裂(Lavic Lake Fault); RF-瑞蒙德断裂(Raymond Fault); NAF-北安陀尼亚断裂(North Anatolian Fault); EAF-东安陀尼亚断裂(East Anatolian Fault); DSF-死海断裂(Dead Sea Fault); AWF-阿沃特雷断裂(Awatere Fault); AF-阿尔卑斯断裂(Alpine Fault); HF-霍普断裂(Hope Fault); WF-怀劳断裂(Wairau Fault); ANF-安纳断裂(Anar Fault); NBF-尼坂断裂(Nayband Fault); DF-德纳里断裂(Denali Fault); ZMHF-则木河断裂; ANHF-安宁河断裂; HYF-海原断裂; ATF-阿尔金断裂; TLF-郯庐断裂; HHF-红河断裂; XJF-小江断裂; GS-生长地层(growth strata); UT-断层向上的尖灭(upward termination); FIS-裂缝(fissure); AU-角度不整合(ang ular unconformity); VO-垂向错开(vertical offset); LF-沙土液化(lique faction); CW-崩积楔(colluvial wedge); FD-褶皱(folding) 
下载: 导出CSV
-
闻学泽.小江断裂带的破裂分段与地震潜势概率估计[J].地震学报, 1993, (3):322-330. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZXB199303009.htm 闻学泽, 范军, 易桂喜, 等.川西安宁河断裂上的地震空区[J].中国科学(D辑), 2008, 38(7):797-807. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1006-9267.2008.07.002 袁道阳, 雷中生, 葛伟鹏, 等.对143年甘谷西7级地震史料的新见解[J].地震工程学报, 2007, 29(1):58-63. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0844.2007.01.012 袁道阳, 雷中生, 何文贵, 等.公元前186年甘肃武都地震考证与发震构造探讨[J].地震学报, 2007, 29(6):654-663. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0253-3782.2007.06.010 国家地震局震害防御司.中国历史强震目录:公元前23世纪-公元1911年[M].北京:地震出版社, 1995:1-514. 李玶, 刘行松, 吴迪忠.谈谈古地震和古地震的识别[J].地震, 1982, (5):34-38. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-DIZN198205011.htm Ambraseys N N, Jackson J A. Faulting associated with historical and recent earthquakes in the Eastern Mediterranean region[J]. Geophysical Journal International, 1998, 133(2):390-406. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-246X.1998.00508.x
Ambraseys N N. The seismic activity of the Marmara Sea region over the last 2000 years[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2002, 92(1):1-18. doi: 10.1785/0120000843
冉勇康, 邓起东.古地震学研究的历史、现状和发展趋势[J].科学通报, 1999, 44(1):12-20. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0023-074X.1999.01.003 袁兆德, 刘静, 李占飞, 等.走滑断裂古地震探槽选址范例[J].地质通报, 2016, 35(11):1808-1828. http://dzhtb.cgs.cn/gbc/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20161105&flag=1 Biasi G P, Weldon R J, Fumal T E, et al. Paleoseismic Event Dating and the Conditional Probability of Large Earthquakes on the Southern San Andreas Fault, California[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2002, 92(7):2761-2781. doi: 10.1785/0120000605
Matthews M V, Ellsworth W L, Reasenberg P A. A Brownian model for recurrent earthquakes[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2002, 92(6):2233-2250. doi: 10.1785/0120010267
刘静, 徐锡伟, 李岩峰, 等.以海原断裂甘肃老虎山段为例浅析走滑断裂古地震记录的完整性[J].地质通报, 2007, 26(6):250-260. http://dzhtb.cgs.cn/gbc/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=200706114&flag=1 Berryman K, Cooper A, Norris R, et al. Late Holocene rupture history of the Alpine Fault in South Westland, New Zealand[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2012, 102(2):620-638. doi: 10.1785/0120110177
Berryman K R, Cochran U A, Clark K J, et al. Major earthquakes occur regularly on an isolated plate boundary fault[J]. Science, 2012, 336(6089):1690-1693. doi: 10.1126/science.1218959
Fumal T E, Weldon R J, Biasi G P, et al. Evidence for large earthquakes on the San Andreas fault at the Wrightwood, California, paleoseismic site:AD 500 to present[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2002, 92(7):2726-2760. doi: 10.1785/0120000608
Marco S, Stein M, Agnon A, et al. Long-term earthquake clustering:A 50, 000-year paleoseismic record in the Dead Sea Graben[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 1996, 101(B3):6179-6191. doi: 10.1029/95JB01587
McCalpin J P. Paleoseismology[M]. Academic Press, 2009:95.
Rockwell T K, Dawson T E, Ben-Horin J Y, et al. A 21-Event, 4000-Year History of Surface Ruptures in the Anza Seismic Gap, San Jacinto Fault, and Implications for Long-term Earthquake Production on a Major Plate Boundary Fault[J]. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2014, 172(5):1143-1165. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274407282_A_21-Event_4000-Year_History_of_Surface_Ruptures_in_the_Anza_Seismic_Gap_San_Jacinto_Fault_and_Implications_for_Long-term_Earthquake_Production_on_a_Major_Plate_Boundary_Fault
Scharer K, Weldon R, Streig A, et al. Paleoearthquakes at Frazier Mountain, California delimit extent and frequency of past San Andreas Fault ruptures along 1857 trace[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2014, 41(13):4527-4534. doi: 10.1002/2014GL060318
Scharer K M, Salisbury J B, Arrowsmith J R, et al. Southern San Andreas Fault Evaluation Field Activity:Approaches to Measuring Small Geomorphic Offsets-Challenges and Recommendations for Active Fault Studies[J]. Seismological Research Letters, 2014, 85(1):68-76. doi: 10.1785/0220130108
Sieh K E. Lateral offsets and revised dates of large prehistoric earthquakes at Pallett Creek, southern California[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1984, 89(B9):7641-7670. doi: 10.1029/JB089iB09p07641
Sieh K, Stuiver M, Brillinger D. A more precise chronology of earthquakes produced by the San Andreas Fault in southern California[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1989, 94(B1):603-623. doi: 10.1029/JB094iB01p00603
Weldon R J, Fumal T E, Powers T J, et al. Structure and earthquake offsets on the San Andreas fault at the Wrightwood, California, Paleoseismic site[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2002, 92(7):2704-2725. doi: 10.1785/0120000612
Weldon R, Scharer K, Fumal T, et al. Wrightwood and the earthquake cycle:What a long recurrence record tells us about how faults work[J]. GSA Today, 2004, 14(9):4-10. doi: 10.1130/1052-5173(2004)014<4:WATECW>2.0.CO;2
冉勇康, 陈立春, 陈文山, 等.中国大陆古地震研究的关键技术与案例解析(2)——汶川地震地表变形特征与褶皱逆断层古地震识别[J].地震地质, 2012, 34(3):385-400. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2012.03.001 冉勇康, 王虎, 李彦宝, 等.中国大陆古地震研究的关键技术与案例解析(1)——走滑活动断裂的探槽地点、布设与事件识别标志[J].地震地质, 2012, 34(2):197-210. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2012.02.001 冉勇康, 李彦宝, 杜鹏, 等.中国大陆古地震研究的关键技术与案例解析(3)——正断层破裂特征、环境影响与古地震识别[J].地震地质, 2014, 36(2):287-301. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2014.02.001 冉勇康, 王虎, 李彦宝.中国大陆古地震研究的关键技术与案例解析(5)——断层隐形、尖灭与年轻事件识别[J].地震地质, 2015, 37(2):343-356. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2015.02.001 Fumal T E, Pezzopane S K, Weldon R J, et al. A 100-year average recurrence interval for the San Andreas fault at Wrightwood, California[J]. Science, 1993, 259(5092):199-203. doi: 10.1126/science.259.5092.199
Scharer K M, Weldon R J, Fumal T E, et al. Paleoearthquakes on the Southern San Andreas Fault, Wrightwood, California, 3000 to 1500 B.C.:A New Method for Evaluating Paleoseismic Evidence and Earthquake Horizons[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2007, 97(4):1054-1093. doi: 10.1785/0120060137
Sieh K E. Prehistoric large earthquakes produced by slip on the San Andreas Fault at Pallett Creek, California[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1978, 83(B8):3907-3939. doi: 10.1029/JB083iB08p03907
Scharer K M, Biasi G P, Weldon R J. A reevaluation of the Pallett Creek earthquake chronology based on new AMS radiocarbon dates, San Andreas fault, California[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2011, 116(B12111):1-14. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=a52948b16582bcf504302b3f658b6a02
Grant L B, Sieh K. Paleoseismic evidence of clustered earthquakes on the San Andreas fault in the Carrizo Plain, California[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 1994, 99(B4):6819-6841. doi: 10.1029/94JB00125
Akciz S O, Ludwig L G, Arrowsmith J R, et al. Century-long average time intervals between earthquake ruptures of the San Andreas fault in the Carrizo Plain, California[J]. Geology, 2010, 38(9):787-790. doi: 10.1130/G30995.1
Lienkaemper J J, Dawson T E, Personius S F, et al. A record of large earthquakes on the southern Hayward fault for the past 500 years[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2002, 92(7):2637-2658. doi: 10.1785/0120000611
Lienkaemper J J, Williams P L, Guilderson T P. Evidence for a twelfth large earthquake on the southern Hayward fault in the past 1900 years[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2010, 100(5A):2024-2034. doi: 10.1785/0120090129
Lienkaemper J J, Williams P L. A Record of Large Earthquakes on the Southern Hayward Fault for the Past 1800 Years[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2007, 97(6):1803-1819. doi: 10.1785/0120060258
Seitz G, Weldon R, Biasi G P. The Pitman Canyon paleoseismic record:A re-evaluation of southern San Andreas fault segmentation[J]. Journal of Geodynamics, 1997, 24(1):129-138. http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=4110608e7d5915e0713d9f70f6e0b63d&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn
Fumal T E, Rymer M J, Seitz G G. Timing of large earthquakes since AD 800 on the Mission Creek strand of the San Andreas fault zone at Thousand Palms Oasis, near Palm Springs, California[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2002, 92(7):284-2860. http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=30f4954478a26ec42ded709b471cc76e&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn
Philibosian B, Fumal T, Weldon R. San Andreas fault earthquake chronology and Lake Cahuilla history at Coachella, California[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2011, 101(1):13-38. doi: 10.1785/0120100050
Fumal T E. Timing of large earthquakes during the past 500 years along the Santa Cruz mountains segment of the San Andreas fault at Mill Canyon, near Watsonville, California[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2012, 102(3):1099-1119. doi: 10.1785/0120110161
Gurrola L D, Rockwell T K. Timing and slip for prehistoric earthquakes on the Superstition Mountain Fault, Imperial Valley, southern California[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1996, 101(B3):5977-5985. doi: 10.1029/95JB03061
Hecker S, Pantosti D, Schwartz D P, et al. The most recent large earthquake on the Rodgers Creek Fault, San Francisco Bay Area[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2005, 95(3):844-860. doi: 10.1785/0120040134
Lindvall S C, Rockwell T K, Dawson T E, et al. Evidence for two surface ruptures in the past 500 years on the San Andreas fault at Frazier Mountain, California[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2002, 92(7):2689-2703. doi: 10.1785/0120000610
McGill S, Dergham S, Barton K, et al. Paleoseismology of the San Andreas Fault at Plunge Creek, near San Bernardino, Southern California[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2002, 92(7):2803-2840. doi: 10.1785/0120000607
Schwartz D P, Pantosti D, Okumura K, et al. Paleoseismic investigations in the Santa Cruz mountains, California:Implications for recurrence of large-magnitude earthquakes on the San Andreas Fault[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1998, 103(B8):17985-18001. doi: 10.1029/98JB00701
Stone E M, Grant L B, Arrowsmith J R. Recent rupture history of the San Andreas fault southeast of Cholame in the northern Carrizo Plain, California[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2002, 92(3):983-997. doi: 10.1785/0120000005
Young J J, Arrowsmith J R, Colini L, et al. Three-dimensional excavation and recent rupture history along the Cholame segment of the San Andreas fault[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2002, 92(7):2670-2688. doi: 10.1785/0120000604
Streig A R, Dawson T E, Weldon R J. Paleoseismic evidence of the 1890 and 1838 earthquakes on the Santa Cruz Mountains section of the San Andreas Fault, near Corralitos, California[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2014, 104(1):285-300. doi: 10.1785/0120130009
Vaughan P R, Thorup K M, Rockwell T K. Paleoseismology of the Elsinore fault at Agua Tibia Mountain southern California[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 1999, 89(6):1447-1457. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=656fe05c60d2d56aeed68195e81ab03b
Zhang H, Niemi T, Fumal T. A 3000-year record of earthquakes on the northern San Andreas fault at the Vedanta marsh site, Olema, California[J]. Seismological Research Letters, 2006, 77(2):248.
Hall N T, Niemi T M. The 1906 earthquake fault rupture and paleoseismic investigation of the northern San Andreas fault at the Dogtown site, Marin County, California[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2008, 98(5):2191-2208. doi: 10.1785/0120060414
Kelson K I, Streig A R, Koehler R D, et al. Timing of late Holocene paleoearthquakes on the northern San Andreas fault at the Fort Ross Orchard site, Sonoma County, California[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2006, 96(3):1012-1028. doi: 10.1785/0120050123
Scharer K, Weldon R, Biasi G, et al. Ground-rupturing earthquakes on the northern Big Bend of the San Andreas Fault, California, 800 AD to Present[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 2017, 122(3):2193-2218. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=bdfc28cfe068cddbee67389c58858d4d
McAuliffe L J, Dolan J F, Kirby E, et al. Paleoseismology of the southern Panamint Valley fault:Implications for regional earthquake occurrence and seismic hazard in southern California[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 2013, 118(9):5126-5146. doi: 10.1002/jgrb.50359
McGill S, Rockwell T. Ages of Late Holocene earthquakes on the central Garlock fault near El Paso Peaks, California[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 1998, 103(B4):7265-7279. doi: 10.1029/97JB02129
Dawson T E, McGill S F, Rockwell T K. Irregular recurrence of paleoearthquakes along the central Garlock fault near El Paso Peaks, California[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 2003, 108(B7):2356-2365. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237666574_Irregular_recurrence_of_paleoearthquakes_along_the_central_Garlock_fault_near_El_Paso_Peaks_California
Madden Madugo C, Dolan J F, Hartleb R D. New Paleoearthquake Ages from the Western Garlock Fault:Implications for Regional Earthquake Occurrence in Southern California[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2012, 102(6):2282-2299. doi: 10.1785/0120110310
Ganev P N, Dolan J F, Blisniuk K, et al. Paleoseismologic evidence for multiple Holocene earthquakes on the Calico fault:Implications for earthquake clustering in the Eastern California shear zone[J]. Lithosphere, 2010, 2(4):287-298. doi: 10.1130/L82.1
Gold R D, Briggs R W, Personius S F, et al. Latest Quaternary paleoseismology and evidence of distributed dextral shear along the Mohawk Valley fault zone, northern Walker Lane, California[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 2014, 119(6):5014-5032. doi: 10.1002/2014JB010987
Sawyer T L, Briggs R W, Ramelli A R. Paleoseismic investigation of the Mohawk Valley fault zone, Sierra County, northeastern California[J]. U.S. Geological Survey Final Technical Report. 2013:1-33. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Thomas_Sawyer3/publication/271445092_Paleoseismic_investigation_of_the_Mohawk_Valley_fault_zone_Sierra_County_northeastern_California/links/54c7eb650cf22d626a379add/Paleoseismic-investigation-of-the-Mohawk-Valley-fault-zone-Sierra-County-northeastern-California.pdf
Rymer M J, Seitz G G, Weaver K D, et al. Geologic and paleoseismic study of the Lavic Lake fault at Lavic Lake playa, Mojave Desert, southern California[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2002, 92(4):1577-1591. doi: 10.1785/0120000936
Weaver K D, Dolan J F. Paleoseismology and geomorphology of the Raymond fault, Los Angeles County, California[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2000, 90(6):1409-1429. doi: 10.1785/0119990075
Onderdonk N W, Rockwell T K, McGill S F, et al. Evidence for Seven Surface Ruptures in the Past 1600 Years on the Claremont Fault at Mystic Lake, Northern San Jacinto Fault Zone, California[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2013, 103(1):519-541. doi: 10.1785/0120120060
Madden C L, Rubin C M, Streig A. Holocene and Latest Pleistocene Activity on the Mesquite Lake Fault near Twenty nine Palms, Eastern California Shear Zone:Implications for Fault Interaction[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2006, 96(4):1305-1320. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228678788_Holocene_and_Latest_Pleistocene_Activity_on_the_Mesquite_Lake_Fault_near_Twentynine_Palms_Eastern_California_Shear_Zone_Implications_for_Fault_Interaction?ev=prf_cit
Hartleb R D, Dolan J F, Akyüz H S, et al. A 2000-year-long paleoseismologic record of earthquakes along the central North Anatolian Fault, from trenches at Alayurt, Turkey[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2003, 93(5):1935-1954. doi: 10.1785/0120010271
Cetin H, Güneyli H, Mayer L. Paleoseismology of the Palu-Lake Hazar segment of the East Anatolian Fault Zone, Turkey[J]. Tectonophysics, 2003, 374(3/4):163-197. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=1e3202e89d9039b16dab34bd549d901a
Fraser J G, Hubert-Ferrari A, Verbeeck K, et al. A 3000-year record of surface-rupturing earthquakes at Gunalan:variable faultrupture lengths along the 1939 Erzincan earthquake-rupture segment of the North Anatolian Fault, Turkey[J]. Annals of Geophysics, 2012, 55(5):895-927. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257207389_A_3000-year_record_of_surface-rupturing_earthquakes_at_Gunalan_variable_fault-rupture_lengths_along_the_1939_Erzincan_earthquake_rupture_segment_of_the_North_Anatolian_Fault_Turkey
Fraser J, Pigati J S, Hubert-Ferrari A, et al. A 3000-Year record of Ground-Rupturing Earthquakes along the Central North Anatolian Fault near Lake Ladik, Turkey[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2009, 99(5):2681-2703. doi: 10.1785/0120080024
Fraser J, Hubert-Ferrari A, Vanneste K, et al. A relict paleoseismic record of seven earthquakes between 2000 B.C. and 600 A.D. on the central North Anatolian fault at Elmacik, near Osmancik, Turkey[J]. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 2010, 122(11/12):1830-1845. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=6fdebee3d7467e2ec9192a4dfce0bb58
Hartleb R D, Dolan J F, Kozaci O, et al. A 2500-yr-long paleoseismologic record of large, infrequent earthquakes on the North Anatolian fault at Cukurcimen, Turkey[J]. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 2006, 118(7/8):823-840. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=2bddd6350e2f067c0781855704ba7f7d
Klinger Y, Sieh K, Altunel E, et al. Paleoseismic evidence of characteristic slip on the western segment of the North Anatolian Fault, Turkey[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2003, 93(6):2317-2332. doi: 10.1785/0120010270
Kondo H, Özaksoy V, Yildirim C. Slip history of the 1944 BoluGerede earthquake rupture along the North Anatolian fault system:Implications for recurrence behavior of multisegment earthquakes[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2010, 115(B4):1-16. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251429701_Slip_history_of_the_1944_Bolu-Gerede_earthquake_rupture_along_the_North_Anatolian_fault_system_Implications_for_recurrence_behavior_of_multisegment_earthquakes
Kozaci O, Dolan J F, Yonlu O, et al. Paleoseismologic evidence for the relatively regular recurrence of infrequent, large-magnitude earthquakes on the eastern North Anatolian fault at Yaylabeli, Turkey[J]. Lithosphere, 2011, 3(1):37-54. doi: 10.1130/L118.1
Meghraoui M, Aksoy M E, Akyüz H S, et al. Paleoseismology of the North Anatolian Fault at Güzelköy Ganos segment, Turkey:Size and recurrence time of earthquake ruptures west of the Sea of Marmara[J]. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 2012, 13(4):1-26. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234058414_Paleoseismology_of_the_North_Anatolian_Fault_at_Guzelkoy_Ganos_segment_Turkey_Size_and_recurrence_time_of_earthquake_ruptures_west_of_the_Sea_of_Marmara
Pantosti D, Pucci S, Palyvos N, et al. Paleoearthquakes of the Düzce fault North Anatolian Fault Zone:Insights for large surface faulting earthquake recurrence[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2008, 113:1-20. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235255763_Paleoearthquakes_of_the_Duzce_fault_North_Anatolian_Fault_Zone_Insights_for_large_surface_faulting_earthquake_recurrence
Rockwell T, Barka A, Dawson T, et al. Paleoseismology of the Gazikoy-Saros segment of the North Anatolia fault, northwestern Turkey:Comparison of the historical and paleoseismic records, implications of regional seismic hazard, and models of earthquake recurrence[J]. Journal of Seismology, 2001, 5(3):433-448. doi: 10.1023/A:1011435927983
Rockwell T, Ragona D, Seitz G, et al. Palaeoseismology of the North Anatolian Fault near the Marmara Sea:implications for fault segmentation and seismic hazard[J]. Geological Society of London, 2009, 316:31-54. doi: 10.1144/SP316.3
Ferry M, Meghraoui M, Abou Karaki N, et al. Episodic Behavior of the Jordan Valley Section of the Dead Sea Fault Inferred from a 14-ka-Long Integrated Catalog of Large Earthquakes[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2011, 101(1):39-67. doi: 10.1785/0120100097
Gomez F, Meghraoui M, Darkal A N, et al. Holocene faulting and earthquake recurrence along the Serghaya branch of the Dead Sea fault system in Syria and Lebanon[J]. Geophysical Journal International, 2003, 153(3):658-674. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01933.x
Klinger Y, Beon M L, Alqaryouti M. 5000 yr of paleoseismicity along the southern Dead Sea fault[J]. Geophysical Journal International, 2015, 202(1):313-327. doi: 10.1093/gji/ggv134
Marco S, Agnon A. High-resolution stratigraphy reveals repeated earthquake faulting in the Masada Fault Zone, Dead Sea Transform[J]. Tectonophysics, 2005, 408(1/4):101-112. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=57b6e5e5427f381e81aad5ea2e29f91f
Wechsler N, Rockwell T K, Klinger Y, et al. A Paleoseismic Record of Earthquakes for the Dead Sea Transform Fault between the First and Seventh Centuries C.E.:Nonperiodic Behavior of a Plate Boundary Fault[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2014, 104(3):1329-1347. doi: 10.1785/0120130304
Daëron M, Klinger Y, Tapponnier P, et al. Sources of the large AD 1202 and 1759 Near East earthquakes[J]. Geology, 2005, 33(7):529-532. doi: 10.1130/G21352.1
Daëron M, Klinger Y, Tapponnier P, et al. 12000-year-long record of 10 to 13 paleoearthquakes on the Yammouneh fault, Levant fault system, Lebanon[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2007, 97(3):749-771. doi: 10.1785/0120060106
Benson A M, Little T A, Van Dissen R J, et al. Late Quaternary paleoseismic history and surface rupture characteristics of the eastern Awatere strike-slip fault, New Zealand[J]. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 2001, 113(8):1079-1091. doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(2001)113<1079:LQPHAS>2.0.CO;2
Langridge R, Campbell J, Hill N, et al. Paleoseismology and slip rate of the Conway Segment of the Hope Fault at Greenburn Stream, South Island, New Zealand[J]. Annals of Geophysics, 2003, 45(5):1119-1139. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=Doaj000000631215
Zachariasen J, Berryman K, Langridge R, et al. Timing of late Holocene surface rupture of the Wairau Fault, Marlborough, New Zealand[J]. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 2006, 49(1):159-174. doi: 10.1080/00288306.2006.9515156
Foroutan M, Sébrier M, Nazari H, et al. New evidence for large earthquakes on the Central Iran plateau:palaeoseismology of the Anar fault[J]. Geophysical Journal International, 2012, 189(1):6-18. doi: 10.1111/gji.2012.189.issue-1
Foroutan M, Meyer B, Sébrier M, et al. Late PleistoceneHolocene right slip rate and paleoseismology of the Nayband fault, western margin of the Lut block, Iran[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 2014, 119(4):3517-3560. doi: 10.1002/2013JB010746
Carlson J K, Bemis S P, Toke N, et al. Documentation of Seven Earthquakes over the Past-7000 Years on the West-Central Denali Fault at the Nenana River, Alaska[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2017, 108(1):84-100.
He H L, Ren J W. Holocene earthquakes on the Zemuhe Fault in Southwestern China[J]. Annals of Geophysics, 2003, 46(5):1035-1051. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=Doaj000004715067
Wang H, Ran Y, Li Y, et al. Holocene palaeoseismologic record of earthquakes on the Zemuhe fault on the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Geophysical Journal International, 2013, 193(1):11-28. doi: 10.1093/gji/ggs095
田勤俭, 任治坤, 张军龙.则木河断裂带大箐梁子附近古地震组合探槽研究[J].地震地质, 2008, 30(2):400-411. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2008.02.006 Wang H, Ran Y, Li Y, et al. A 3400-year-long paleoseismologic record of earthquakes on the southern segment of Anninghe fault on the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Tectonophysics, 2014, 628:206-217. doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2014.04.040
Li Y, Ran Y, Wang H, et al. Paleoseismic records of large earthquakes on the cross-basin fault in the Ganyanchi pull-apart basin, Haiyuan fault, northeastern Tibetan Plateau[J]. Natural Hazards, 2013, 713:1695-1713. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=b77f2e57b8238fff98f2922a16252a06
Liu Zeng J, Shao Y, Klinger Y, et al. Variability in magnitude of paleoearthquakes revealed by trenching and historical records, along the Haiyuan fault, China[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 2015, 120(12):8304-8333. doi: 10.1002/2015JB012163
Liu Zeng J, Klinger Y, Xu X, et al. Millennial Recurrence of Large earthquakes on the Haiyuan Fault near Songshan, Gansu Province, China[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2007, 97(1B):14-34. doi: 10.1785/0120050118
冉勇康, 焦德成.海原断裂高湾子地点三维探槽的开挖与古地震研究[J].地震地质, 1997, 19(2):97-107. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=QK199700063320 Washburn Z, Arrowsmith J R, Forman S L, et al. Late Holocene earthquake history of the central Altyn Tagh fault, China[J]. Geology, 2001, 29(11):1051-1054. doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<1051:LHEHOT>2.0.CO;2
Washburn Z, Arrowsmith J R, Dupont-Nivet G, et al. Paleoseismology of the Xorxol segment of the central Altyn Tagh fault, Xinjiang, China[J]. Annals of Geophysics, 2003, 46(5):1015-1034. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=Doaj000004702054
徐锡伟, 于贵华, 陈桂华, 等.青藏高原北部大型走滑断裂带近地表地质变形带特征分析[J].地震地质, 2007, 29(2):201-217. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2007.02.002 李康, 徐锡伟, 罗浩, 等.阿尔金断裂带阿克塞段半果巴探槽揭露的古地震事件[J].地震地质, 2016, 38(3):670-679. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2016.03.013 杨源源, 姚大全, 赵朋, 等.郯庐断裂带嶂山段探槽古地震研究[J].国际地震动态, 2015, (9):52. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4975.2015.09.052 李西, 冉勇康, 陈立春, 等.红河断裂带南段全新世地震活动证据[J].地震地质, 2016, 38(3):596-604. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2016.03.007 韩竹军, 董绍鹏, 毛泽斌, 等.小江断裂带南段全新世活动的地质地貌证据与滑动速率[J].地震地质, 2017, 39(1):1-19. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2017.01.001 Sun H, He H, Ikeda Y, et al. Holocene paleoearthquake history on the Qingchuan fault in the northeastern segment of the Longmenshan Thrust Zone and its implications[J]. Tectonophysics, 2015, 660:92-106. doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2015.08.022
Shao Y, Liu Zeng J, Oskin M E, et al. Paleoseismic Investigation of the Aksay Restraining Double Bend, Altyn Tagh Fault, and Its Implication for Barrier-Breaching Ruptures[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, Solid Earth, 2018, 123(5):4307-4330. doi: 10.1029/2017JB015397
Yuan Z, Liu Zeng J, Wang W, et al. A 6000-Year-Long Paleoseismologic Record of Earthquakes on the Xorkoli Section of the Altyn Tagh Fault, China[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2018, 497:193-203. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2018.06.008
Scharer K M, Biasi G P, Weldon R J, et al. Quasi-Periodic Recurrence of Large Earthquakes on the San Andreas Fault (Invited)[J]. Recent Developments in World Seismology, 2010, 38(6):555-558. http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=8499b04e2ad07d634d8a1433e296588a&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn
Bonilla M G, Lienkaemper J J. Factors affecting the recognition of faults exposed in exploratory trenches[J]. U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull., 1991, 1947:1-54. http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=b4c6d9fc085eb76b814f4c9f2f07f465&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn
Youd T L. Liquefaction, flow, and associated ground failure[J]. U. S. Geological Survey Circular, 1973, 688:1-12. http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=c6d0a707118808a21b884f4436b764d0&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn
Obermeier S F. Use of liquefaction-induced features for paleoseismic analysis——an overview of how seismic liquefaction features can be distinguished from other features and how their regional distribution and properties of source sediment can be used to infer the location and strength of Holocene paleoearthquakes[J]. Engineering Geology, 1996, 44:1-76. doi: 10.1016/S0013-7952(96)00040-3
Youd T L. Geologic effects-Liquefaction and associated ground failure[J]. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 1984, 84-760:210-232. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/NSTLQK/NSTL_QKJJ0215057889/
Tokimatsu K, Seed H B. Evaluation of settlements in sands due to earthquake shaking[J]. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 1987, 113(8):861-878. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1987)113:8(861)
高中和, 竺清良.江苏省地裂缝的分布特征, 成因类型及防治对策研究[J].防灾减灾工程学报, 1997, (1):1-10. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-DZXK701.000.htm 郭璇, 钟建华, 徐小林, 等.非构造裂缝的发育特征及成因机制[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版), 2004, 28(2):6-11. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-5870.2004.02.003 Holzer T L, Galloway D L. Impacts of land subsidence caused by withdrawal of underground fluids in the United States[J]. Reviews in Engineering Geology, 2005, 16(8):87-99. http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=6db9fcb0d70fe3ac06e5d89f48df0158&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn
Pampeyan E H, Holzer T L, Clark M M. Modern ground failure in the Garlock fault zone, Fremont Valley, California[J]. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 1988, 100(100):677-691. http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=e53484c99cd3ef4122f0b22bb5aa5872&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn
曾允孚, 夏文杰.沉积岩石学[M].北京:地质出版社, 1986:78-79. 钟建华, 王洪宝.黄河下游河道的冻裂研究[J].沉积学报, 2002, 20(4):651-655. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/cjxb200204019 Liu-Zeng J, Wang P, Zhang Z, et al. Liquefaction in western Sichuan Basin during the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake, China[J]. Tectonophysics, 2017, 694:214-238. doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2016.11.001
Kelson K I, Baldwin J N. Can paleoseismologic techniques differentiate between aseismic creep and coseismic surface rupture[J]. Seismological Research Letters, 2001, 72:263.
计量
- 文章访问数: 3431
- HTML全文浏览量: 345
- PDF下载量: 2533
