The discovery of Qushenla Formation argillaceous cherts in the western part of the Bangong Co-Nujiang suture zone, Tibet and its significance
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摘要:
首次在班公湖-怒江缝合带西段去申拉组中发现了泥质硅质岩，呈2个层位产出。为探讨泥质硅质岩的沉积环境、成因及与班-怒特提斯洋西段构造演化的关系，进行岩石学和地球化学分析，结果显示，第一层位泥质硅质岩Al2O3/（Al2O3+Fe2O3）、Ce/Ce*、（La/Ce）N、V/（Ni+V）、Ce/La、Ceanom、Euanom平均值分别为0.60、0.80、1.24、0.72、1.84、-0.08、0.01，第二层位泥质硅质岩相应比值平均值分别为0.65、0.83、1.16、0.77、1.97、-0.07、0.02。结合泥质硅质岩的Fe2O3/TiO2-Al2O3/（Al2O3+Fe2O3）、（La/Ce）N-Al2O3/（Al2O3+Fe2O3）、Hf/3-Th-Ta关系图解，表明第一、二层位泥质硅质岩形成于活动大陆边缘，沉积时水-岩界面为水体分层不强烈的厌氧环境。U-Th、Zn-Ni-Co、La-Ce、La/Yb-REE关系图解和稀土元素特征指示了第一、二层位泥质硅质岩为热水成因，热水活动与玄武岩岩浆活动有关，第二层位泥质硅质岩沉积时热水活动更强烈。去申拉组泥质硅质岩的岩石学、地球化学特征表明，狮泉河地区班-怒特提斯洋至少在早白垩世仍具有一定规模的洋盆，其闭合时间应晚于约109Ma，进一步限定了洋盆的闭合时间。
Abstract:The Qushenla Formation argillaceous cherts, which occur along two horizons, were found for the first time in the western part of the Bangong Co-Nujiang suture. In order to discuss depositional environment and origin of argillaceous cherts and infer the closure of the western part of Bangong Co-Nujiang Tethys Ocean, the authors made a systematic analysis of petrology and geochemistry of argillaceous cherts in this study. The ratios of Al2O3/(Al2O3+Fe2O3), Ce/Ce*, (La/Ce)N, V/(Ni+V), Ce/La, Ceanom, Euanom of argillaceous cherts in the first horizon are 0.60, 0.80, 1.24, 0.72, 1.84, -0.08, 0.01 respectively, while their ratios in the second horizon are 0.65, 0.83, 1.16, 0.77, 1.97, -0.07, 0.02 respectively. Considering the diagrams of Fe2O3/TiO2 vs. Al2O3/(Al2O3+ Fe2O3), (La/Ce)N vs. Al2O3/(Al2O3 + Fe2O3) and Hf/3-Th-Ta, the authors hold that these characteristics indicate that all of argillaceous cherts tended to occur in an active continental margin setting and an anoxic environment. The diagrams of U-Th, ZnNi-Co, La-Ce and La/Yb-REE and the characteristics of REE demonstrates that the argillaceous cherts of the two horizons originated from hydrothermal sediments, closely related to basalt magmatism event, and the activities of hot water might have been more pronounced in the second horizon. These data provide petrologic and geochemical evidence for the evolution of Bangong CoNujiang Tethys Ocean. In Shiquanhe area there might have existed a certain scale ocean basin in the Early Cretaceous, which was closed at a time later than 109Ma.
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Keywords:
- argillaceous chert /
- geochemistry /
- Qushenla Formation /
- Bangong Co-Nujiang suture
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致谢: 在野外地质调查和样品采集过程中，项目组成员提供了极大的帮助，审稿专家提出了建设性意见，在此表示衷心的感谢。
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图 1 研究区大地构造位置(a)[14]及地质图(b)
(据参考文献①修改)
①-昆仑缝合带; ②-金沙江缝合带; ③-双湖缝合带; ④-班公湖-怒江缝合带; ⑤-雅鲁藏布江缝合带; 1-第四系; 2-牛堡组; 3-竟柱山组; 4-郎山组; 5-去申拉组; 6-沙木罗组; 7-聂尔错岩群; 8-晚白垩世花岗岩; 9-早白垩世花岗闪长岩; 10-早白垩世闪长岩; 11-湖泊; 12-平行不整合; 13-角度不整合界线; 14-区域性断裂; 15-一般断裂; 16-性质不明断层; 17-平移断层; 18-实测剖面及采样位置Figure 1. Simplified tectonic map (a) and geological map (b) of the study area
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图 2 岩性柱状图、野外露头与显微镜下照片
a-玄武质火山角砾岩; b-玄武岩与泥质硅质岩整合接触; c-泥质硅质岩; d-泥质硅质岩镜下照片(正交偏光); 1-砾岩; 2-泥质硅质岩; 3-玄武岩; 4-玄武质凝灰岩; 5-玄武质火山角砾岩; 6-板岩; 7-粉砂质板岩; 8-第一层位泥质硅质岩; 9-第二层位泥质硅质岩
Figure 2. The column, outcrops and characteristics of rocks under microscope
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图 4 泥质硅质岩Al2O3/(Al2O3+Fe2O3)-Fe2O3/TiO2（a）与Al2O3/(Al2O3+ Fe2O3)-(La/Ce)N（b）图解
（底图据参考文献[13]）
Figure 4. Plots of Fe2O3/TiO2 versus Al2O3/(Al2O3+ Fe2O3) (a)and (La/Ce)N versus Al2O3/(Al2O3+ Fe2O3)(b)of argillaceous cherts
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图 5 泥质硅质岩Hf/3-Th-Ta三角图解
（底图据参考文献[19]）
CAB—钙碱性岩；IAT—初生拉斑玄武岩；N-MORE—N型洋脊玄武岩；E-MORE+WPT—E型洋脊玄武岩+板内拉斑玄武岩；WPAB—板内碱性玄武岩Figure 5. Plots of Hf/3-Th-Ta of argillaceous cherts
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图 6 泥质硅质岩Th-U关系图解
（底图据参考文献[26]）
Ⅰ—TAG热水沉积区；Ⅱ—Galapagos热水沉积物区；Ⅲ—Amphittite热水沉积物区；Ⅳ—红海海水沉积物区；Ⅴ—中太平洋中脊热水沉积物区；Ⅵ—Langban热水沉积物区；Ⅶ—锰结核区；Ⅷ—普通深海沉积物区；Ⅸ—铝土矿区；Ⅹ—古老石化的热水沉积物区Figure 6. Plots of Th-U of argillaceous cherts
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表 1 研究区泥质硅质岩主量、微量和稀土元素分析结果
Table 1 Analyses of main elements, trace elements and REE of argillaceous cherts in the study area
样品号 PM9-1 PM9-2 PM9-3 PM9-4 PM9-5 PM9-6 PM9-7 PM9-8 PM9-9 PM9-10 岩性 泥质桂质岩(第一层位） 泥质硅质岩(第二层位） Al2O3 7.03 10.32 7.85 8.34 8.44 9.34 10.42 10.50 13.30 8.47 BaO < 0.01 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 CaO 1.24 1.8 1.88 2.29 2.51 4.69 0.49 1.18 3.37 0.60 Cr2O3 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 < 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 TFe2O3 4.65 5.95 5.43 5.57 6.34 5.92 4.13 4.60 9.37 4.91 K2O 0.35 0.98 0.17 0.18 0.13 0.05 0.38 1.93 0.40 0.72 MgO 1.93 2.78 2.22 2.66 2.71 2.85 1.56 1.98 4.77 2.35 MnO 0.10 0.13 0.10 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.08 0.14 0.18 0.15 Na2O 1.89 2.50 1.84 2.01 1.64 1.41 4.13 1.79 2.66 2.48 P2O5 0.18 0.09 0.05 0.09 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.08 0.05 0.05 SiO2 80.49 72.65 78.69 76.93 75.62 73.70 77.08 74.49 62.78 78.13 SO3 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.03 < 0.01 SrO 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.01 TiO2 0.32 0.43 0.29 0.33 0.34 0.33 0.30 0.39 0.43 0.32 烧失量 1.5 2.25 1.73 1.85 1.97 1.67 1.64 2.82 3.42 1.98 Ag 0.01 0.07 0.02 0.03 < 0.01 0.03 < 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.04 As 1.4 8.6 3.5 3.6 2.2 15.3 3.2 13.9 19.4 0.6 Ba 60 170 40 30 30 10 80 170 40 120 Co 10.8 13.7 13.3 15.6 16.4 11.2 6.7 7.3 20.6 14.6 Mo 0.64 0.45 1.25 0.67 0.56 0.78 0.28 0.13 0.31 0.40 Ni 38.4 50.4 37.7 45.2 44.6 32.5 20.8 21.4 43.3 40.7 Pb 9.0 8.8 8.9 14.6 7.0 488.0 1.7 6.2 8.5 8.6 Sb 0.40 0.83 < 0.05 < 0.05 0.69 0.51 0.58 0.84 1.74 0.22 Sc 10.2 15.9 14.5 14.3 17.0 19.5 12.4 14.5 36.6 13.6 Sr 185.0 206.0 343.0 403.0 477.0 193.0 71.3 48.9 450.0 106.0 U 0.8 1.0 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.7 W 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.4 1.0 0.5 0.6 Zn 50 67 58 61 65 57 20 59 94 59 Hf 1.6 2.3 1.2 1.6 1.7 1.2 2.3 2.4 1.3 1.4 Th 4.41 5.53 3.35 3.79 4.23 2.27 2.55 3.58 1.60 3.60 Ta 0.36 0.45 0.26 0.31 0.33 0.16 0.17 0.20 0.13 0.26 V 88 140 100 122 113 117 64 67 231 110 La 17.7 19.5 11.6 16.3 15.3 8.0 10.8 12.8 6.3 12.2 Ce 32.1 36.7 21.2 27.8 29.9 14.9 21.6 26.7 12.0 24.3 Pr 4.42 4.93 3.13 3.66 3.69 2.11 2.80 3.52 1.73 3.12 Nd 16.6 18.2 11.4 14.0 14.1 8.6 10.8 14.1 7.1 11.6 Sm 3.35 3.75 2.33 2.84 2.82 2.06 2.45 3.31 1.99 2.42 Eu 0.72 0.80 0.61 0.75 0.67 0.57 0.54 0.80 0.60 0.58 Gd 3.39 3.77 2.50 2.96 2.92 2.39 2.91 3.39 2.62 2.51 Tb 0.52 0.58 0.38 0.49 0.47 0.41 0.49 0.57 0.48 0.39 Dy 3.11 3.50 2.40 2.96 2.84 2.68 2.98 3.48 3.10 2.37 Ho 0.67 0.74 0.50 0.62 0.59 0.60 0.66 0.75 0.70 0.51 Er 1.86 2.13 1.52 1.79 1.81 1.81 2.07 2.33 2.12 1.52 Tm 0.27 0.31 0.22 0.26 0.25 0.26 0.30 0.34 0.33 0.23 Yb 1.83 2.12 1.53 1.85 1.81 1.93 2.19 2.51 2.36 1.52 Lu 0.26 0.31 0.23 0.28 0.26 0.28 0.34 0.39 0.36 0.23 ΣREE 86.80 97.34 59.55 76.56 77.43 46.60 60.93 74.99 41.79 63.50 Al/(Al+Fe) 0.60 0.63 0.59 0.60 0.57 0.61 0.72 0.70 0.59 0.63 Fe/Ti 14.53 13.84 18.72 16.88 18.65 17.94 13.77 11.79 21.79 15.34 V/(Ni+V) 0.70 0.74 0.73 0.73 0.72 0.78 0.75 0.76 0.84 0.73 Ce/Ce* 0.79 0.82 0.77 0.78 0.87 0.79 0.86 0.87 0.79 0.86 Eu/Eu* 0.94 0.93 1.11 1.13 1.02 1.12 0.88 1.05 1.13 1.03 (La/Ce)N 1.26 1.21 1.25 1.34 1.17 1.22 1.14 1.09 1.20 1.15 (La/Yb)N 0.94 0.89 0.73 0.85 0.82 0.40 0.48 0.49 0.26 0.78 Ceanom -0.09 -0.07 -0.09 -0.10 -0.05 -0.09 -0.05 -0.05 -0.09 -0.05 Euanom -0.03 -0.03 0.04 0.05 0.01 0.05 -0.06 0.02 0.05 0.01 注:北美页岩数据据参考文献[15], Al/(Al+Fe)=Al2O3/(Al2O3+Fe2O3), Fe/Ti=Fe2O3/TiO2, Ce/Ce*=2CeN/(LaN+PrN), Eu/Eu*=2EuN/(SmN+GdN), Ceanom=log[3CeN/(2LaN+NdN)], Euanom=log[2EuN/(SmN+GdN)], 其中下角标N为北美页岩标准化; 主量元素含量单位为%, 微量和稀土元素含量单位为10-6 
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四川省地质调查院. 1: 25万革吉县幅地质图. 2013.
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