The discovery of Nb-rich volcanic rock of the Qushenla Formation in Yema area of the western segment of Bangong Co-Nujiang suture in Tibet and its implications
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摘要:
以班公湖-怒江缝合带西段的去申拉组玄武岩和安山岩为研究对象，进行了岩石锆石测年和地球化学研究。测年结果显示，安山岩形成于108.5±1.5Ma，属于早白垩世晚期。岩石地球化学特征表明，野马去申拉组玄武岩Nb含量为10.5×10-6~11.1×10-6，Al2O3含量为17.63%~17.96%(平均值17.74%)，属于富Nb高铝玄武岩，为中钾钙碱性系列；安山岩属于高钾钙碱性系列岩石。野马火山岩轻、重稀土元素分异明显，其中玄武岩稀土元素总量为119.20×10-6~120.49×10-6，(La/Yb)N值为5.17~5.53；安山岩稀土元素总量为179.97×10-6~184.75×10-6，(La/Yb)N值为13.83~15.12；二者在微量元素上表现出不同程度的富集轻稀土元素和大离子亲石元素，Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素相对亏损，具低Cr、Ni，高Sr、Nb、Zr含量，发育岛弧火山岩相关特征。其岩浆源区受俯冲流体的影响较大，后经历了不同程度的铁镁矿物的结晶分离作用。综合分析认为，野马去申拉组火山岩可能形成于弧后盆地构造环境下，是班公湖-怒江特提斯洋岩石圈南向俯冲过程中板片断离导致软流圈地幔上涌，诱发弧后拉张背景下的直接岩浆响应。
Abstract:The volcanic rocks from Qushenla Formation in Yema area is located in the west segment of Bangong Co-Nujiang suture zone, in reverse fault contact with the diabase slice of Bangong Co-Nujiang opiolite melange belt in the north. In this paper, detailed LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating geochronological and element geochemical studies were carried out for the basalt and andesite in the Qushenla Formation. The U-Pb dating of zircon from andesite yielded a weighted average age of 108.5±1.5Ma, indicating that the andesites were formed at the middle-late stages of Early Cretaceous. Lithogeochemical characteristics show that the Nb-rich basalts in Yema area are characterized by obvious enrichment of Nb and Al2O3, with the values of Nb being 10.5×10-6~11.1×10-6 and Al2O3 being 17.63%~17.96%, averaging 17.74%, suggesting Nb-rich, high-alumina basalt of calc alkaline series. The andesites belong to high-K calc alkaline series. All the volcanic rocks in Yama area are characterized by enriched LREE and relatively depleted HREE. The total REE of basalts are 119.20×10-6~120.49×10-6, with (La/Yb)N from 5.17 to 5.53, and the ∑REE of andesites are 179.97×10-6~184.75×10-6 and their (La/Yb)N range from 13.83 to 15.12. On primitive mantle-normalized trace element diagrams, the basalts and andesite display different degrees of enrichment of LIFEs (e.g., Rb, U, K), relative depletion of HFSE (Nb, Ta, Ti) with high content of Sr, Nb, Zr but low content of Cr, Ni, similar to features of island arc rocks. The magma source region was mainly influenced by the subduction fluid and underwent different degrees of fractionation crystallization of femic minerals with uplifting. A comprehensive study shows that the basalt and andesite of Qushenla Formation in Yema area were probably formed in the backarc tectonic rocks, which might have been the direct magma response to slab break-off caused by asthenosphere upwelling back-arcextension during the southward subduction of Bangong Co-Nujiang Tethyan Ocean at the late stage of Early Cretaceous.
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Keywords:
- Nb-rich basalt /
- andesite /
- back-arc basin /
- Qushenla Formation /
- Bangong Co-Nujiang suture zone
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致谢: 感谢野外工作过程中四川地调院西藏昂龙岗日1:5万区域地质调查项目组其他成员的热心帮助；感谢审稿专家提出的宝贵修改意见和建议。
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图 2 野马去申拉组中基性火山岩剖面
Figure 2. The section of intermediate basic volcanic rocks of Qushenla Formation, Yema area
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图 3 野马去申拉组火山岩野外及镜下特征
a—玄武岩野外特征；b—安山岩野外特征；c—玄武岩镜下特征；d—安山岩镜下特征；Px—辉石；Pl—斜长石；Am—角闪石
Figure 3. Representative photographs and microphotographs of volcanic rocks from Qushenla Formation, Yema area
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图 4 野马去申拉组安山岩岩浆锆石阴极发光(CL)图像和U-Pb谐和图
Figure 4. CL images and U-Pb concordia diagrams of zircons in andesite from Qushenla Formation, Yema area
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图 6 去申拉组火山岩稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分图(a)和微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图(b)
(标准化数据据参考文献[21])
Figure 6. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns (a) of primitive mantle-normalized trace element patterns (b) for volcanic rocks of Qushenla Formation
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图 8 野马去申拉组中基性火山岩Harker图解
Figure 8. Harker diagrams for the intermediate basic volcanic rocks of Qushenla Formation, Yema area
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表 1 野马去申拉组安山岩LA-ICP-MS锆石Th-U-Pb分析结果
Table 1 LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Th-Pb analytical results of andesite from Qushenla Formation, Yema area
测点号 元素含量/10-6 238U/232Th 207Pb/206Pb 207Pb/235U 206Pb/238U 207Pb/206Pb 207Pb/235U 206Pb/238U PbTotal 232Th 238U 比值 比值 ±1σ 比值 ±1σ 比值 ±1σ 年龄/Ma ±1σ 年龄/Ma ±1σ 年龄/Ma ±1σ PM4N1-03 16.9 1404 557 0.42 0.0512 0.0027 0.1218 0.0063 0.0173 0.0003 250 124 117 6 110 2 PM4N1-04 2.91 160 116 0.76 0.0475 0.0054 0.1056 0.0099 0.0165 0.0004 72 248 102 9 105 3 PM4N1-05 5.21 318 209 0.69 0.0549 0.0048 0.1236 0.0098 0.0166 0.0004 409 192 118 9 106 2 PM4N1-06 3.30 174 136 0.83 0.0502 0.0050 0.1136 0.0097 0.0174 0.0004 211 206 109 9 111 3 PM4N1-08 4.74 291 186 0.68 0.0491 0.0041 0.1144 0.0090 0.0170 0.0004 154 185 110 8 109 2 PM4N1-09 8.60 617 299 0.51 0.0440 0.0036 0.1051 0.0082 0.0175 0.0002 174 159 102 8 112 2 PM4N1-12 20.0 1892 601 0.33 0.0498 0.0029 0.1136 0.0065 0.0165 0.0002 183 139 109 6 105 2 PM4N1-13 3.56 176 151 0.90 0.0516 0.0053 0.1134 0.0103 0.0163 0.0004 333 237 109 9 104 2 PM4N1-14 14.6 1133 508 0.47 0.0487 0.0027 0.1107 0.0059 0.0164 0.0003 132 130 107 5 105 2 PM4N1-15 8.72 566 315 0.62 0.0465 0.0037 0.1068 0.0076 0.0172 0.0003 33 172 103 7 110 2 PM4N1-16 5.66 329 228 0.73 0.0560 0.0044 0.1300 0.0096 0.0168 0.0004 454 144 124 9 107 2 PM4N1-17 4.18 254 156 0.65 0.0537 0.0051 0.1224 0.0092 0.0171 0.0004 361 215 117 8 109 3 PM4N1-18 19.7 1620 610 0.42 0.0500 0.0027 0.1159 0.0062 0.0168 0.0003 195 131 111 6 108 2 PM4N1-19 5.23 282 206 0.78 0.0535 0.0047 0.1179 0.0090 0.0166 0.0004 350 169 113 8 106 2 PM4N1-20 103 10565 2471 0.25 0.0506 0.0015 0.1248 0.0037 0.0177 0.0002 233 67 119 3 113 1 PM4N1-21 2.15 104 85.7 0.86 0.0537 0.0064 0.1212 0.0118 0.0180 0.0006 361 264 116 11 115 4 PM4N1-22 2.17 115 85.8 0.78 0.0491 0.0072 0.1061 0.0139 0.0169 0.0006 154 311 102 13 108 3 PM4N1-23 11.56 882 413 0.51 0.0544 0.0038 0.1230 0.0080 0.0164 0.0003 387 159 118 7 105 2 PM4N1-24 6.79 451 261 0.60 0.0470 0.0039 0.1096 0.0088 0.0170 0.0003 50 189 106 8 108 2 
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表 2 野马玄武岩和安山岩主量、微量和稀土元素组成
Table 2 Major elements, trace elements and REE composition of the basalt and andesite, Yema area
岩性 玄武岩 安山岩 样号 PM4ZH1 PM4ZH2 PM4ZH3 PM4ZH4 PM4ZH5 PM4ZH6 PM4ZH7 PM4ZH8 PM4ZH9 Al2O3 17.96 17.66 17.72 17.63 18.34 17.2 17.05 17.08 17.06 BaO 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.08 CaO 9.82 9.3 9.67 9.57 4.05 4.92 4.78 5.24 4.29 TFe2O3 10.07 9.5 10.08 9.99 6.32 6.2 6.38 6.28 6.37 K2O 0.91 1.11 1.21 0.84 2.68 2.42 2.74 2.28 2.7 MgO 4.48 4.13 4.35 4.12 2.54 2.83 2.84 3.46 2.9 MnO 0.16 0.17 0.21 0.2 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.2 0.17 Na2O 3.37 3.58 3.25 3.53 5.59 4.81 4.85 4.48 5.24 P2O5 0.34 0.36 0.33 0.33 0.25 0.25 0.26 0.26 0.25 SiO2 49.76 50.99 50.27 50.32 58.55 58.69 58.09 57.99 59.01 TiO2 1.82 1.75 1.82 1.78 0.98 0.97 1.02 1.02 1 FeO 2.77 2.61 2.99 2.8 1.74 2.25 2.19 2.3 2.14 烧失量 1.4 1.33 1.02 1.31 1.1 1.6 1.65 1.47 1.46 总计 100.14 99.92 99.96 99.65 100.61 100.1 99.89 99.83 100.53 Rb 14.7 18.9 26.6 15.7 72.3 68.1 84.4 65.1 79.9 K 1310 1100 1600 1650 1470 1460 1650 1020 1371.111 Ba 361 339 280 292 646 562 649 583 741 Th 3.96 4.02 3.93 3.92 9.62 9.59 9.31 9.47 9.02 U 1.01 1.04 0.98 1.02 2.21 2.28 2.25 2.63 2.31 Nb 10.7 11.1 10.5 11 41.9 41.7 41 41.6 40.9 Sr 604 638 568 620 631 628 676 687 708 Nd 23.3 23.5 23.3 23 27.8 27.2 27.9 28 27.6 P 1450 1510 1470 1460 1100 1080 1120 1110 1070 Zr 139 143 139 139 247 246 241 243 240 Hf 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.7 6 5.8 5.6 5.8 5.5 Sm 5.58 5.71 5.73 5.58 5.18 4.94 5.1 5 5.03 Ti 10600 10300 10700 10500 5900 5800 6100 6000 5800 Ta 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.4 La 20.7 20.9 20.4 20.7 46 45.3 44.7 45.3 43.7 Ce 43.3 43.7 43.2 43.3 81.1 80.7 78.9 80.3 79.4 Pr 5.65 5.7 5.7 5.66 8.59 8.43 8.47 8.53 8.41 Nd 23.3 23.5 23.3 23 27.8 27.2 27.9 28 27.6 Sm 5.58 5.71 5.73 5.58 5.18 4.94 5.1 5 5.03 Eu 1.8 1.85 1.81 1.88 1.56 1.51 1.51 1.49 1.54 Gd 5.85 5.8 5.91 5.75 4.27 4.1 4.2 4.24 4.39 Tb 0.91 0.89 0.92 0.86 0.67 0.62 0.63 0.64 0.64 Dy 5.31 5.23 5.34 5.2 3.84 3.6 3.67 3.65 3.73 Ho 1.03 1.06 1.04 1.04 0.73 0.68 0.71 0.7 0.72 Er 2.9 2.82 2.91 2.85 2.23 2.02 2.17 2.07 2.07 Tm 0.4 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.31 0.29 0.3 0.3 0.3 Yb 2.7 2.55 2.56 2.61 2.15 2.02 2.08 2.02 2.13 Lu 0.37 0.37 0.38 0.36 0.32 0.3 0.31 0.31 0.31 U 1.01 1.04 0.98 1.02 2.21 2.28 2.25 2.63 2.31 注：主量元素含量单位为%，微量和稀土元素为10-6
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