Abstract: On the basis of research results, geological survey in Jiangxi Province and the authors' long-term geological observation and in view of the trans-century controversy of the Lushan Quaternary glacier, this paper deals with the mountain-building processes from S-type anticlinorium through horst block mountain to metamorphic core complexes, the outcrop condition of stratigraphic rock, and the mountain outline during the Quaternary glacier since the Cretaceous period. In addition, it gives the observation results and ideas concerning the disputed problems on the glaciated landform, glacier period and interglacier sedimentation. In comparison with the landform and sedimentation formed as a result of Pleistocene glaciation and Helocene subtropical moist and rainy climate, it reveals the significant differences between them and the differences between debris flow and glacier drift, and clarifies the flowing water influence on the glaciated landform and the typical glaciated and composite equeolandform. Finally, it indicates that the formation and remains of Lushan Quaternary alpine glacier are closely associated with the unique horst block mountain tectonic landform, the coolest microclimate and the thickest and hardest sandstone in Liantuo Formation, thus laying a foundation of the Quaternary glacial geology in China, and holding the unique well-preserved Quaternary alpine glacier vestiges in the mid-low latitude and mid-low mountains in the world.