Sedimentary characteristics and environmental evolution of Da-kangpu layer of Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation in western Liaoning
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摘要:
辽西义县盆地下白垩统义县组大康堡沉积层分布范围广，为“热河生物群”的重要产出层位。通过对王家沟西山典型剖面的沉积学研究，识别出11种岩相类型，包括基质支撑砾岩相、凝灰质中-粗粒砂岩相、平行层理中-细砂岩相等，并将该时期的湖泊沉积划分为滨浅湖和深-半深湖环境。分析大康堡层垂向序列特征及纹泥特征，将该时期的湖泊演化划分为4个阶段：早期浅水湖泊沉积，见大量浅水生物化石；中期深-半深湖沉积，处于相对封闭-半封闭的状态，盐度增加；晚期湖泊水体变浅，水文动力条件增强，盐度降低；末期深-半深湖环境，纹泥指示陆源碎屑供给极少，降水较少。湖泊的演化过程受古气候控制明显。
Abstract:Widely distributed in Yixian Basin in western Liaoning, Dakangpu layer of the Yixian Formation belongs to Lower Creta-ceou and is an important horizon of "Jehol Biota". A typical section was measured in detail for sedimentology and 11 lithofacies types were recognized, such as matrix supported conglomerate facies, tuffaceous medium-coarse grained sandstone facies and medium-fine grained sandstone facies with parallel bedding. Dakangpu layer comprises mainly lacustrine sediments including shore shallow lake fa-cies and deep and semi-deep lake facies. Based on analyzing the changes of vertical sequence characteristics and varves characteristics of Dakangpu layer, the authors divided it into four depositional stages. At the initial stage, the lake was just formed with a large num-ber of shallow water fossils. After that it entered into the middle-range stage with deep and semi-deep water in the relatively closed and semi-closed state, during which the salinity increased. In the late depositional stage, the lake became shallow with higher hydrodynamic condition and low salinity. At the end of the deposition the lake had deep and semi-deep water, and the varves were devel-oped which indicated poor terrigenous clast and little precipitation. The evolution of the lake was controlled by paleoclimate obviously.
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Keywords:
- Dakangpu layer /
- Jehol Biota /
- lithofacies /
- vertical sequence /
- varve
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图 1 辽西地区义县盆地和金-羊盆地义县组分布及地质简图（据参考文献[12]修改）
1—太古宙变质岩；2—长城系变质岩；3—土城子组；4—义县组一段；5—义县组二段；6—义县组三段；7—义县组四段；8—九佛堂组；9—沙海组；10—第四系；11—断裂；12—火山构造洼地；13—地质界线；14—平行/角度不整合
Figure 1. The distribution and geological sketch map of Yixian Formation in Yixian and Jin-Yang basins, western Liaoning
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图版Ⅰ
a、b、c.杂基支撑砾岩相(Gm-Sp1)；d.灰黑色泥岩(Fm)夹中-细粒砂岩(Sh)和(Fl2)；e.中-细粒砂岩相(Sp2)夹灰黑色泥岩(Fm)；f.纸片状页岩(Fl1)；g.纹层状泥岩产生强烈变形(Fl2)；h.纹层状泥岩(Fl3)
图版Ⅰ.
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图版Ⅱ
a.膨润土化泥岩（Fm）；b.泥灰岩（M1）与灰黑色泥岩（Fm）互层；c.含砂屑泥灰岩（M1）；d.厚层状泥灰岩(M2)；e.砂纹层理泥灰岩（M2）；f.泥灰岩（M2）中见缝隙、液化砂岩；g.含石蚕巢化石（M3）；h.含生物遗迹泥灰岩(M3)
图版Ⅱ.
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图 2 王家沟义县组大康堡层沉积层柱状图
Figure 2. Sedimentary column of the Dakangbao bed of the Yixian Formation in Wangjiagou
表 1 义县盆地义县组大康堡层岩相划分
Table 1 Lithofacies classification of the Dakangbao layer of Yixian Formation in Yixian basin
岩相类型 代码 沉积特征 成因解释 基质支撑砾岩相 Gm 成分混杂，凝灰质、膨润土质胶结，砾石多为泥灰岩，少量玄武岩、安山岩颗粒，粒径多为2~5mm，次棱角-次圆状，分选性差，见少量大块岩浆岩砾石约10cm，冲刷构造，粒序层理(图版Ⅰ-a、b、c) 与洪水有关的泥石流沉积 平行层理中-粗粒砂岩相 Sp1 层内粗粒、细粒混杂，含泥灰岩砾石，次棱角-次圆状，砾石含量5%~10%，见弱平行层理，与Gm组合在一起(图版Ⅰ-b、c) 与洪水有关的泥石流沉积 平行-交错层理中-细粒砂岩相 Sp2 灰色中细粒砂岩，中厚层状，夹薄层灰黑色泥岩，略显低角度交错层理(图版Ⅰ-e) 浜浅湖沉积 水平层理中-细粒砂岩相 Sh 黄色-黄褐色，膨润土质粉砂岩、中细粒砂岩，厚度一般为3~9cm(图版Ⅰ-d)。薄层状，横向上厚度变化不大，延伸较远，出现在纹层状泥岩间 与洪水作用有关的稳定型重力流沉积 纸片状页岩相 Fl1 灰色-灰黑色页岩，风化后呈纸片状，具极薄的页理，纹泥厚度为0.05~0.10mm，夹薄层状泥灰岩、凝灰质中细粒砂岩，水平层理(图版Ⅰ-f) 深-半深湖碎屑纹泥沉积 纹层状泥岩相 Fl2 灰色-灰黑色纹层状泥岩，纹层由灰黑色泥岩和浅黄绿色膨润土组成，纹层厚度0.2~0.3mm，局部产生强烈变形，（图版Ⅰ-g)，沉积层中见大量的三尾泥蜉蝣、叶肢介化石 深-半深湖碎屑纹泥，见大量浅水化石，推测湖泊水体深度不大 纹层状泥灰岩相 Fl3 灰黑色-灰白色纹层状泥岩，纹层厚度为0.1~0.2mm，由灰黑色为泥岩和灰白色为泥灰岩组成。水平层理、韵律层理，风化后表面呈灰白色(图版Ⅰ-h)，见少量三尾泥蜉蝣、叶肢介化石，向上逐渐减少 湖泊为封闭-半封闭环境，水体分层，为深-半深湖沉积 薄-中厚层状膨润土化泥岩 Fm 灰黑色、黄绿色，薄-中厚层状泥岩，膨润土化凝灰岩，块状构造，具水平层理(图版Ⅱ-a) 静水深-半深湖沉积，部分为滨浅沉积 含砂屑泥灰岩相 M1 灰白色薄层状泥灰岩，少量砂屑颗粒，块状构造，风化面呈灰白色，与灰黑色泥岩互层（图版Ⅱ-b、c) 指示水体的动荡，深-半深湖沉积 厚层状泥灰岩相 M2 灰白色厚层状，块状构造，砂纹层理(图版Ⅱ-d、e），裂缝、液化砂体(图版Ⅱ-f)夹薄层灰黑色页岩，页岩中见大量三尾拟蜉蝣、叶肢介化石。局部见黑色泥质纹层及砂屑，砂屑仍为钙质颗粒 滨浅湖沉积，见与地震作用相关的沉积构造 含生物碎屑 M3 灰白色中厚层状泥灰岩，块状构造，夹薄层状灰黑色泥岩。泥灰岩中见大量的石蚕巢化石及生物遗迹(图版Ⅱ-g、h)，局部较多，约30%，偶见泥灰岩小砾石 大康堡层内见石蚕巢化石多为1层，可以作为对比的标志层，属于滨浅湖沉积 
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