Paleomagnetic study of Pliocene lacustrine strata in the Baoshan Basin at the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau
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摘要:
青藏高原东南缘受印度板块的持续挤压发生了强烈的陆内变形，前人的研究结果显示，保山地体中新世以来发生强烈的旋转变形，因此，在保山盆地东南缘上新世湖相沉积地层中采集了30个采点（约300块定向样品），其中160块样品分离出了特征剩磁分量，通过了褶皱检验和倒转检验，代表了沉积地层形成时的原生剩磁分量。地层产状校正后剩磁平均方向为：Ds/Is=20.2°/37.1°，Ks=59.7，α95=4.8°，N=16；对应古地磁极为：北纬67.9 °、东经205.7°，A95=2.6。通过与保山盆地东缘科研钻井磁性地层结果进行对比，可以确定羊邑剖面年代为6±0.2Ma；与10Ma东亚构造稳定区古地磁参考极对比发现，保山盆地发生了19.2°±6°的顺时针旋转，表明保山地体上新世以来平均顺时针旋转速率为3.2°±1.0°/Ma，如此快速的旋转速率印证了保山地体和腾冲地块古近纪和中新世古地磁研究所揭示的大角度顺时针旋转变形量。
Abstract:The southeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau has been strongly deformed by the penetration of the Indian Plate since the early Cenozoic. A large clockwise rotation of the Baoshan Terrane was reported through previous paleomagnetic studies. The authors therefore carried out a paleomagnetic study of the Pliocene lacustrine strata in the Baoshan Basin. A total of about 160 samples were treated by thermal demagnetization, and the characteristic remanent magnetism components (ChRMs) were isolated from these sam-ples along the Yangyi section (YYN), southeastern part of Baoshan Basin. Site-mean direction from the YYN is Ds/Is=20.21°/37.1°, Ks=59.7, α95=4.8°, N=16 after tilt correction, which give a paleomagnetic pole at 67.9°N, 205.7°E, A95=2.6°. The ChRM directions of the YYN section pass the fold and reversal tests, indicating that it represents the primary remanent magnetization during the formation of sedimentary rocks. The results reveal that the Baoshan Terrane has suffered from a clockwise rotation about 19.2°±6° relative to the paleomagnetic reference pole of East Asia since the Pliocene. Based on a comparison with the magnetostratigraphic results of the drilled core on the east margin of Baoshan basin, the authors hold that the age of the sampled strata of the YYN section is 6±0.2Ma, and a mean rotating rate of the Baoshan basin is about 3.2°±1.0°/Ma. This result is consistent with the large clockwise rotation of the Baoshan basin since the Miocene revealed by Oligocene and Miocene paleomagnetic studies of the Baoshan Terrane and Tengchong Block.
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Keywords:
- southeastern Tibetan Plateau /
- Baoshan Terrane /
- paleomagnetism /
- Pliocene /
- rotation
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硒(Se)是人体与动物必需的微量元素，是一种有机体的重要保护性因子[1]。硒缺乏或过量都会产生不同的生物效应。硒缺乏可引发克山病、大骨节病、白肌病等地方性疾病[2-3]；硒过量可导致“蹒跚症”“碱毒症”等慢性中毒症的发生[4-6]，体现在皮肤褪色、指甲和手指变形、贫血、智力低下等[7]。土壤Se含量及空间分布状况可直接影响到农作物的吸收，进而通过食物链影响人体健康[8]。
中国约72%市(县)的土壤处于严重缺硒或低硒状态[9]，低硒带呈北东—南西走向，中国华北、东部、西北属于缺硒地区[10-11]。富硒土地主要分布在我国东南部平原区[12-15]，其中以湖北恩施最著名[7]，西北平原区以陕西紫阳较为出名[16]，而在高原地区尤为罕见，仅在青海省海东市的平安-乐都[17]和玉树州囊谦县[18]有富硒土的报道。
1. 研究区概况
青海省玉树州囊谦县地处青藏高原东部，南部为横断山脉，北部毗邻青藏高原主体，是青海省通往西藏地区的重要交通枢纽。研究区位于囊谦县及附近扎曲河谷区(东经96°17′00″~96°36′00″、北纬32°06′00″~32°25′00″)，总体呈西北高、东南低，河谷低、两侧高的特点，海拔高程在3640~4800 m之间。
研究区地势高寒，太阳辐射强烈，日照时间较长，多年平均气温3.7℃，平均降水量为525.2 mm，平均蒸发量为899.4 mm。全区地形复杂，各地气候差异较大。河谷地带多为小气候区，温暖而湿润。
研究区土层较薄，质地疏松，土壤类型主要有高山寒漠土、高山草甸土、黑钙土、山地草甸土、灰褐土、高山草原土、栗钙土7类。农牧业是囊谦县的支柱产业，占三产总产值比重为79.0%，集中在海拔3800 m以下的低山丘陵区、丘间洼地及河谷平原区。囊谦县还具有丰富的矿产资源(如金、银、铜、铁、铅盐等矿产)。
2. 材料与方法
2.1 样品采集
本研究按照《土地质量地球化学评价规范》(DZ/T 0295—2016)[19]，避开明显点状污染地段、垃圾堆，以及新堆积的土壤、田埂等，对重点耕地及开发利用条件相对较好的草地采用网格布点法(取样密度为4点/km2)布设采样点(图 1)。于2018年6~9月在囊谦县城周边农耕区采集表层(采样深度为0~20 cm)农田土壤样品共400组(图 1)，采样点控制面积约100 km2。土壤样品采集后混合均匀，现场编录后用优质厚棉布采样袋收集，11℃密封避光保存。样品置于室内阴凉处充分风干，压碎，剔除碎石、砂砾、植物残体等杂物，研磨、过200目筛后，保证样品重量大于500 g，送检。
2.2 样品测试
土壤样品经过混合酸溶液(9 mL浓HNO3 + 2 mL HClO4 + 3 mL HF)和HCl在180℃下消解24 h后，采用非色散原子荧光光谱法(HG-AFS)测定总Se含量，检出限为0.01 mg/kg；称取0.5 g土壤样品经过上述方法消解蒸干并用50 mL 2% HNO3溶解，采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)进行微量元素分析；经H2SO4、K2CrO4氧化分解后，采用硫酸亚铁铵滴定法测定土壤总有机碳(Corg)含量，检出限为0.10 mg/kg；土壤腐殖质采用VOL法测定；采用离子选择电极(ISE)法测定土壤pH值，检出限为0.1；经过称重(4 g)、粉末压片后，采用X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)直接测定土壤Fe2O3、Al2O3、SiO2含量和重金属元素中的Cr、Zn、Cu、Pb含量，采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定土壤Na2O、K2O、CaO、MgO含量和土壤有效硫、硅、铁、硼、锰、钼、铜、锌含量；采用原子荧光光谱法(AFS)测定重金属元素中的As和Hg含量，采用ICP-MS测定重金属元素中的Cd和Ni含量。
2.3 数据处理
本文采用Excel 2016进行数据统计并用SPSS 17.0进行方差分析和显著性水平检验，利用MapGIS 6.7软件采用评价网格法进行数据的统计与分析。研究区每个网格控制面积为0.25 km2，共100个控制点(400个网格)，总控制面积100 km2，对各控制点进行剔除异常值求平均值，之后进行各测试指标含量的分析，并利用Grapher 10.0绘制相关散点图。
2.4 土壤Se元素富集等级划分
依照《天然富硒土地划定与标识(试行)》(DD2019-10)①，结合青海省土壤Se含量背景值[9]和青藏高原地区土壤Se含量平均值[20]，并参考《土地质量地球化学评价规范》(DZ/T 0295-2016)，对土壤Se元素富集等级进行划分(表 1)。
表 1 土壤硒元素富集等级划分标准Table 1. Enrichment level of soil selenium等级 缺乏-边缘 适量 高 过剩 Se含量
/(mg·kg-1)Se≤0.15 0.15 < Se ≤0.30 0.30 < Se ≤3.0 Se>3.0 3. 结果与分析
3.1 土壤Se空间分布特征
土壤全Se含量可衡量土壤Se潜在供应能力和储量[21]。研究区土壤Se含量为0.08~0.69 mg/kg，平均值为0.25 mg/kg，略低于全国土壤Se平均含量(0.29 mg/kg)[22]，高于青海省[9]和青藏高原的土壤Se平均含量(均为0.15 mg/kg)[20]。基于前期土壤Se元素富集等级评价结果[18](图 2)，研究区土壤Se含量以足-高硒为主(占83.84%)，其中足硒占52.53%、高硒占31.31%，硒缺乏-边缘土地占16.16%，无硒过剩区。
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图 2 研究区地质图N1—新近系碎屑岩、泥质岩、碳酸盐岩；Et—古近系碎屑岩、泥质岩、碳酸盐岩夹石膏；E3—古近系碎屑岩、泥质岩、碳酸盐岩；E2—古近系碳酸盐岩、碎屑岩、泥质岩；K2—上白垩统碎屑岩、泥质岩、碳酸盐岩夹石膏；K1—下白垩统陆相火山岩泥质岩、碳酸盐岩；J2—中侏罗统陆相碎屑岩夹煤层、碳酸盐岩；T3—上三叠统陆相中酸性火山岩、海相碎屑岩、碳酸盐岩夹中基性火山岩及煤层；P1—下二叠统碎屑岩、碳酸盐岩、火山碎屑岩；C2—中石炭统碳酸盐岩、碎屑岩、火山碎屑岩；C1—下石炭统碳酸盐岩、碎屑岩、中基性火山岩及煤层Figure 2. Geological map of the study area区内高硒土壤主要分布于扎曲(Se含量0.12~0.36 mg/kg，平均值0.27 mg/kg，高硒土占37.21%)、香曲(Se含量0.08~0.69 mg/kg，平均值0.27 mg/kg，高硒土占34.62%)和牙不曲-强曲(高硒土占22.22%)。
其中，富硒土壤质地以红粘土为主，主要分布在扎曲的西岸(图 3)，为主要的农/牧业活动区域。
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图 3 研究区地层岩性与足-富硒土地分布Figure 3. Formation lithology and distribution of selenium-rich/sufficient land研究区土壤pH(6.55~8.70)中位值为8.31，整体呈碱性，酸碱度适中。其中，强碱性土壤占16.16%，碱性土壤占74.84%，中-酸性土壤占9.00%。
研究区土壤有机质(12.1~98.6 g/kg)中位值为32.3 g/kg，高于青海省中位值29.10 g/kg[9]。区内土壤有机质含量总体较高，中等-丰富占83.51%，较缺乏-缺乏占16.49%，富硒区土壤有机质以较丰富-丰富为主[18]。
相对硒缺乏-边缘土壤，足-富硒土壤具有相对较高的有机质(平均值32.2 g/kg)、总铁(平均值30.7 g/kg)、Fe2O3(43.8 g/kg)、Al2O3(13.7 g/kg)、SO42-(平均值780 mg/kg)含量。
3.2 土壤Se含量的影响因素
3.2.1 成土母质
受成土母质和表生地球化学环境控制，天然成因的土壤Se元素分布存在较大的空间变异性[12]。
原生地质环境中的Se主要来自富硒沉积岩(如黑色岩系或含煤系地层)[23]和富硒基性火山岩[24]。富硒地质体的风化淋滤是土壤Se富集的重要原因[25]。结合研究区区域地质(图 2)，可见足-富硒土壤的分布对成土母质具有较好的继承性，其分布整体与侵入岩，石炭系灰岩、砂质灰岩、砂岩，古近系红色泥岩等一致(图 3)。
3.2.2 土壤类型与质地
(1) 土壤类型
研究区内，不同类型的土壤Se含量特征具有一定的差异(表 2)，富硒土占比依次为草甸土(24.24%)＞栗钙土(6.06%)＞灰褐土(1.01%)＞高山草原土(0.00%)。
表 2 不同土壤类型Se含量统计值Table 2. Statistics of selenium content in different soil types统计特征值 栗钙土 草甸土 灰褐土 高山草原土 高山草甸土 山地草甸土 样本数/个 17 48 22 6 6 最大值/(mg·kg-1) 0.42 0.69 0.56 0.40 0.28 最小值/(mg·kg-1) 0.20 0.08 0.12 0.08 0.09 平均值/(mg·kg-1) 0.32 0.26 0.24 0.20 0.20 标准差 0.12 0.13 0.11 0.11 0.07 变异系数/% 42.95 49.59 45.01 54.27 37.42 偏度 1.33 1.16 1.68 1.34 -0.15 峰度 2.01 1.39 2.73 2.44 -0.75 该类土样中富硒土比值/% 35.29 37.50 27.27 16.67 0.00 总土样中富硒土比值/% 6.06 18.18 6.06 1.01 0.00 富硒土的土壤类型主要为草甸土(Se含量范围0.08~0.69 mg/kg，平均值为0.26 mg/kg)和栗钙土(Se含量范围0.20~0.42 mg/kg，平均值为0.32 mg/kg)。其中，以高山草甸土富硒占比最高(18.18%)且具有最高的土壤Se含量，栗钙土具有最高的土壤Se含量平均值(0.32 mg/kg)。从偏度上看，栗钙土、草甸土和灰褐土的土壤As含量均属于正偏离，其中，山地草甸土有较大的正偏离，其分布较正态分布向右偏离；高山草原土Se含量偏度较低，接近对称分布。Wilding[24]将变异系数(CV)分为高变异水平(CV＞36%)、中等变异水平(16%＜CV＜36%)和低变异水平(CV < 16%)。研究区不同类型的土壤Se含量均属于高变异水平，其中灰褐土的变异水平最强，空间相关性最弱。
其中，草甸土的成土母质多为坡积或残坡积物，具有较高的有机质(平均含量33.7 mg/kg)及腐殖质(19.5 mg/kg)和较强的肥力，土壤较肥沃，草甸土的腐殖质组成中，活性腐殖质含量较低。山地草甸土有机质积累、分解和转化都强于高山草甸土。栗钙土(有机质平均含量35.5 mg/kg，腐殖质平均含量20.6 mg/kg)主要沿河流两侧的漫滩、阶地分布。土体具有较明显的腐殖质累积过程，属较肥沃的土壤。
(2) 土壤质地
研究区富硒土壤质地主要为研究区山区内广泛分布的红粘土(由砂泥岩经风化逐渐堆积形成)和有机质含量较高的黑粘土(图 4)，土质密实。
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图 4 研究区土壤质地与足-富硒土地分布Figure 4. Soil texture and distribution of selenium-rich/sufficient land3.2.3 土壤性质
(1) 土壤pH值
Se元素主要以硒酸盐、亚硒酸盐、元素Se、硒化合物等形式存在于土壤中[25]。其中，中-酸性土(4＜pH≤7.5)中Se的主要形态为亚硒酸盐，在通气良好的碱性土壤(pH＞7.5)中，难溶性的SeO32-被氧化为易溶的SeO42-，Se的主要形态为硒酸盐[26]。
土壤对阴离子的吸附量通常随土壤pH的增加而降低[27]。研究区足-富硒土壤的Se含量与土壤pH值呈较好的负相关关系(R2=0.2032，p < 0.1，n=80)(图 5-a)，相对低硒土壤(pH平均值为8.26)，高硒土壤具有较低的pH值(平均值为8.07)。这是由于碱性环境下Se的迁移淋滤作用较强，易使Se产生淋滤消耗，不利于土壤中Se的固定。迁移淋滤作用随着pH值增加一定程度上增强，使土壤Se含量降低。
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图 5 土壤pH值(a)、土壤有机质含量(b)、土壤铁氧化物含量(c)、土壤铝氧化物含量(d)与土壤Se含量相关性图解Figure 5. Correlation between pH(a), organic matter contents(b), iron oxides contents(c), aluminum oxides(d)and selenium contents in soil(2) 有机质含量与类型
土壤养分地球化学评价结果显示，富硒区土壤有机质以较丰富-丰富为主，除个别点外，土壤Se含量与土壤有机质含量呈较好的正相关性(R2=0.1859，p < 0.05，n=80)(图 5-b)，说明有机质是形成富硒土壤的有利因素。通常，土壤有机质对Se具有很强的吸附作用[28]，并且在有机质分解过程中可能会促进Se的活化[29]。研究区足-富硒土壤有机质中，腐殖质约占60.0%，为主要的有机质组成。土壤有机质在腐殖化过程中可产生溶解性腐殖酸和细颗粒胶体[27]，土壤中溶解性腐殖质由于具有多种有效官能团[30]，可与Se以腐殖质结合的形式存在，一定程度上可以吸附/固定土壤中的Se，间接影响土壤中的Se含量[31]。而放牧干扰、开垦草地、草地自然退化均可不同程度使土壤表层土发生剥蚀，土壤固碳能力下降[32]，有机质含量降低，进而影响土壤Se的固定。
(3) 氧化物矿物种类/含量
足-富硒土壤的Se含量与土壤Fe2O3含量(R2=0.1761，p＞0.1，n=80)和Al2O3含量(R2=0.2115，p＜0.1，n=80)呈较好的正相关性(图 5-c、d)，说明铁铝氧化物对Se有较强的吸附力和亲和力。此外，土壤中铁铝氧化物对Se的吸附还受土壤pH和氧化还原电位的影响。还原环境易使Fe3+还原为Fe2+，其吸附Se的能力降低[33]。经盐基离子淋失后的土壤铁、铝元素相对富集，形成利于土壤Se富集的地球化学环境[34]。Se更容易在土壤壤质化程度较高、粒度较细的粘土中富集。红粘土中较高含量的铁、无定型铝、铁铝氧化物矿物对土壤Se有较强的吸附作用，其利于Se的富集；同时，红粘土对土壤溶解性有机碳具有较大的吸附量，较高的土壤有机质/有机碳有利于土壤Se的富集。黑粘土具有较高含量的有机质，其利于土壤中Se的吸附和固定。
综上说明，除成土母质和自然环境外，土壤理化性质是土壤Se富集的重要因素。
4. 结论
(1) 研究区土壤Se含量以足-高硒为主(占83.84%)，其中足硒占52.53%、高硒占31.31%，硒缺乏-边缘土地占16.16%，无硒过剩区。
(2) 足-富硒土壤的分布对成土母质具有较好的继承性，其分布整体与侵入岩及石炭系灰岩、砂质灰岩、砂岩和古近系红色泥岩等一致。
(3) 富硒土的土壤类型主要为草甸土和栗钙土，主要的土壤质地为红粘土和黑粘土。
(4) 碱性环境下Se的迁移淋滤作用较强，不利于土壤中Se的固定；Se更容易在土壤壤质化程度较高、粒度较细、铁铝氧化物矿物含量较高的粘土中富集。
致谢: 中国地质科学院地质力学研究所孙玉军副研究员和徐昊硕士在野外补采样中给予了帮助，国土资源部古地磁与古构造重建重点实验室其他成员在样品测试和分析中给予了指导和帮助，在此一并致以诚挚的谢意。 -
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图 1 青藏高原东南缘研究区构造地质简图（A, 据参考文献[44]修改）和保山地体北部及邻区地质简图（B）
（采样点位于保山地体北部保山盆地羊邑组中）
CDF—川滇断块；SMT—思茅地体；BST—保山地体；TCB—腾冲地块；LMSF—龙门山断裂；XSH-XJF—鲜水河小江断裂；RRF—哀牢山-红河断裂；DBPF—奠边府断裂；WCSZ—王朝韧性剪切带；MFTF—主前缘逆冲断裂带Figure 1. Schematic tectonic geological map of the southeastern edge of Tibetan Plateau (A) and tectonic map of the North Baoshan Terrane (B)
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图 2 保山盆地构造简图（A）和盆地南缘羊邑煤矿上新世羊邑组YYN古地磁采样点分布图（B）
（a~f为野外剖面部分照片）
Figure 2. Tectonic map of Baoshan Basin (A) and tectonic map of the paleomagnetic sampling section YYN in the Pliocene Yangyi Formation of southern part of the Baoshan Basin (B)
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图 3 岩石磁学实验代表样品结果图
Figure 3. Rock magnetic results for representative specimens from the Pliocene Yangyi Formation
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图 4 保山盆地上新统羊邑组岩石磁化率各向异性（AMS）实验结果
（a从左到右分别是等面积投影图、Pj-Km、T-P和磁化率椭球体3个轴的玫瑰花图，玫瑰花图中红色和蓝色箭头分别代表主压应力方向和主张应力方向）
Figure 4. Measurement results of anistropy magnetic susceptibility (AMS) of Pliocene Yangyi Formation in Baoshan Terrane
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图 5 保山盆地羊邑组HZN、YYN剖面代表样品退磁Zj正交矢量图
（地层校正前）（实心和空心符号分别代表水平面和垂直面投影图，红色重点展示用于拟合特征剩磁的退磁步骤）
Figure 5. Orthogonal projections of magnetization vector endpoints for representative specimens of HZN section and YYN section of the Pliocene Yangyi Formation in Baoshan Basin
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图 6 YYN剖面低温（低矫顽力）和高温（高矫顽力）剩磁分量等面积投影图
（实心圆、空心圆分别代表上、下球面投影，灰色实心圆代表空心圆在球面投影上的对跖点；红色、蓝色、橙色五角星分别代表平均方向、现代地球磁场方向和GAD模型期望地球磁场方向）
Figure 6. Equal-area projection of the site mean directions of the low temperature components and ChRMs of YYN section before and after tilt correction
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图 7 保山盆地YYN古地磁剖面地层和极性与汉庄镇钻井磁性地层结果对比
Figure 7. Magnetic stratigraphy study of YYN section of Pliocene Yangyi Formation, and the regional stratigraphic correlation with the result of magnetic stratigraphy study of the scientific drill hole near Hanzhuanng Town
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图 8 保山地体和腾冲地块古地磁偏角数据分布图（A）(箭头指示平均方向，两边短线代表误差值)和腾冲地块、保山地体旋转量-地质年龄图解（B）
TCB—腾冲地块；BST—保山地体；ARF—哀牢山-红河断裂带；NTF—南汀河断裂；WDF—畹町断裂；GLGF—高黎贡断裂带；CSF—崇山断裂带；SGF—实皆断裂；PMC—原生剩磁分量；RMC—次生剩磁分量
Figure 8. Paleomagnetic declinations obtained from the BST and TCB(A) and the rotational-age diagram of Baoshan Terrane (B)
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图 9 保山地体以南汀河断裂带为旋转边界的旋转量构造简图
SMT—思茅地体；BST—保山地体；TCB—腾冲地块；CDF—川滇断块；ARF—哀牢山-红河断裂；NTF—南汀河断裂；WDF—畹町断裂；GLGF—高黎贡断裂带；CSF—崇山断裂带；WCSZ—王朝韧性剪切带；XSH-XJF—鲜小河小江断裂
Figure 9. Generalized tectonic map illustrating the rotation of the Baoshan Terrane around the fitted Euler pole (red star) along the Nantinghe fault system
表 1 保山地体上新世羊邑组YYN剖面各采点磁化率各向异性(AMS)测试结果
Table 1 Measurement results of anistropy magnetic susceptibility (AMS) of YYN section, Pliocene Yangyi Formation in Baoshan Terrane
采点 坐标N/E 走向/倾角/º n Km×10-6SI L F Pj T K1 K2 K3 q K1D/I(º) K2D/I(º) K3D/I(º) YYN2 24°59′/99°14′ 147/32 10 140 1.004 1.013 1.018 0.564 1.006 1.003 0.991 0.22 322.6/0.9 232.6/2.8 69.8/87.1 YYN3 24°59′/99°14′ 135/16 7 119 1.002 1.024 1.029 0.816 1.009 1.007 0.984 0.08 342/2.8 252/1.3 136.6/86.9 YYN4 24°59′/99°14′ 346/4 6 100 1.002 1.026 1.032 0.826 1.009 1.006 0.985 0.13 139.3/4.1 49.2/2.6 287.5/85.1 YYN5 24°59′/99°14′ 18/11 6 96 1.006 1.026 1.034 0.627 1.01 1.008 0.983 0.08 280.5/2.8 190.4/1.6 71.4/86.8 YYN6 24°59′/99°14′ 8/3 6 138 1.006 1.037 1.047 0.768 1.014 1.01 0.976 0.11 84.8/10.2 354.4/1.9 253.9/79.6 YYN7 24°59′/99°14′ 25/4 6 111 1.008 1.016 1.025 0.331 1.01 1.002 0.988 0.44 275.2/0.9 185.1/6.5 13.3/83.4 YYN8 24°59′/99°14′ 25/4 6 125 1.011 1.014 1.026 0.094 1.008 1.004 0.988 0.22 92.2/9.8 183/4.9 299.2/79.1 YYN9 24°59′/99°14′ 25/4 6 129 1.01 1.01 1.02 0.028 1.009 1 0.99 0.62 102.4/10.5 193/3.5 301.1/78.9 YYN10 24°59′/99°14′ 37/30 6 114 1.007 1.019 1.028 0.462 1.009 1.004 0.986 0.24 114.9/0.2 204.9/5.8 22.7/84.2 YYN11 24°59′/99°14′ 206/25 6 218 1.007 1.012 1.02 0.216 1.009 1.002 0.989 0.42 106.9/2 16.6/8.5 209.8/81.3 YYN12 24°59′/99°14′ 206/25 6 183 1.006 1.018 1.026 0.504 1.01 1.004 0.986 0.29 114/0.8 204.1/6.5 16.9/83.4 YYN13 24°59′/99°14′ 206/25 6 311 1.004 1.019 1.025 0.607 1.008 1.005 0.987 0.15 109.2/4 200.1/12.4 1.8/77 YYN14 24°59′/99°14′ 206/25 5 172 1.002 1.021 1.026 0.792 1.008 1.006 0.986 0.1 114.2/5.1 204.8/6.7 346.9/81.5 YYN15 24°58′/99°16′ 22/27 6 126 1.003 1.021 1.026 0.747 1.008 1.005 0.987 0.15 280/10.4 11/5.6 128.8/78.2 YYN16 24°58′/99°16′ 22/27 6 121 1.004 1.019 1.025 0.523 1.007 1.004 0.99 0.19 330.9/4.8 240.6/3.7 112.8/83.9 YYN17 24°58′/99°16′ 22/27 6 103 1.005 1.015 1.021 0.384 1.005 1.003 0.992 0.17 333/20 241.4/4.6 139.1/69.4 YYN18 24°58′/99°16′ 22/27 6 98 1.006 1.016 1.023 0.422 1.007 1.002 0.991 0.37 318.4/8 50.3/13.3 198.3/74.4 YYN19 24°58′/99°16′ 22/27 6 148 1.006 1.011 1.018 0.241 1.003 1.001 0.996 0.33 293.9/22.4 27.5/8.7 137.3/65.8 YYN20 24°58′/99°16′ 22/27 6 108 1.004 1.008 1.012 0.252 1.005 1.001 0.994 0.44 300.4/14.9 31.7/4.8 139.1/74.3 YYN21 24°58′/99°16′ 4/17 6 108 1.002 1.022 1.027 0.759 1.008 1.007 0.985 0.04 300.8/5.2 210.4/4.5 79.9/83.1 YYN22 24°58′/99°16′ 4/17 10 159 1.002 1.023 1.028 0.832 1.008 1.007 0.985 0.04 306.1/3.9 215.8/3.6 83.3/84.7 YYN24 24°59′/99°13′ 近水平 7 222 1.006 1.026 1.034 0.641 1.011 1.007 0.982 0.15 160.1/4.7 68.7/16.7 265.3/72.7 YYN25 24°59′/99°13′ 240/19 6 147 1.004 1.015 1.021 0.558 1.007 1.004 0.989 0.18 130.3/1.1 40.2/2.7 242.1/87.1 YYN26 24°59′/99°13′ 240/19 6 155 1.005 1.021 1.028 0.652 1.007 1.006 0.987 0.05 114.7/1.7 24.5/9.2 215.1/80.6 YYN27 24°59′/99°13′ 24019 6 136 1.004 1.016 1.022 0.595 1.006 1.003 0.991 0.22 111.8/1.2 21.8/2.4 228/87.3 YYN28 24°59′/99°13′ 24019 6 140 1.002 1.015 1.019 0.698 1.006 1.004 0.99 0.13 321.4/2.4 51.8/7.6 214.2/82.1 YYN29 24°59′/99°13′ 24019 6 277 1.006 1.023 1.032 0.571 1.012 1.005 0.983 0.27 301.2/3.5 31.4/3.7 167.6/84.9 YYN30 24°59′/99°13′ 近水平 6 307 1.004 1.023 1.029 0.699 1.01 1.006 0.984 0.17 292.6/3.1 22.7/1.6 139.8/86.5 YYN-ALL 177 1.54E-04 1.005 1.019 1.026 0.551 1.007 1.005 0.988 0.11 117.8/0 27.8/1.2 208.6/88.8 注：n为样品数；Km是平均磁化率；磁线理L=K1/K2；磁面理F=K2/K3；形态参数T=(2η2-η1-η3)/(η1-η3)；η1=InK1，η2=InK2，η3=InK3，ηm=(η1+η2+η3)/3；各向异性度p=exp{sqrt[2×((η1-ηm)2+(η2-ηm)2+(η3-ηm)2]}；f=90-K3；q=(K1-K2)/[(K1+K2)/2-K3] 
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表 2 保山地体北部保山盆地上新世羊邑组YYN剖面特征剩磁分量
Table 2 High-temperature magnetic components of the Pliocene Yangyi Formation of section YYN in the central part of the Baoshan Basin in the north part of Baoshan Terrane
采点 坐标 地层产状 n/N 地层校正前 地层校正后 Kg/Ks α95g/α95s 虚地磁极VGP N/E 走向/倾角(º) 偏角(º) 倾角(º) 偏角(º) 倾角(º) 纬度(°N) 经度(°E) A95(º) YYN2 24°58′52″/99°14′12″ 147/32 9/ 32.4 12.9 24.3 41.2 13.6 14.5 67.8 187.6 13.8 YYN4 24°58′52″/99°14′12″ 85/16 10/ 14.2 28.8 14.4 37.5 59.4/69 6.4/6.0 76.2 203.1 5.4 YYN7 24°58′52″/99°14′12″ 25/4 8/ 18.2 36.1 22.1 36.2 23.6/23.0 11.6/11.8 69 198.2 10.5 YYN11 24°58′52″/99°14′12″ 37/10 11/ 32.2 43.8 41.8 43.8 22.5 11.2 52.4 179 11.1 YYN12 24°58′44″/99°14′07″ 206/25 8/ 219.9 -15.1 210.3 -20.3 29.1/31.4 10.4/10.0 57.8 210.6 7.6 YYN17 24°57′33″/99°15′41″ 22/27 8/ 197.7 -33.9 215.4 -31.6 20.5 12.6 56.1 195.7 10.6 YYN20 24°57′33″/99°15′41″ 22/27 7/ 183 -30.2 200.3 -34.9 19.9 14 70.4 202.2 12.2 YYN21 24°57′33″/99°15′41″ 22/27 8/ 174.2 -37.8 187.8 -38.7 32.8 9.8 82.2 211.4 9 YYN22 24°57′33″/99°15′41″ 4/17 9/ 175.2 -33.9 186.9 -34.8 91.7 5.4 81.4 230.2 4.7 YYN24 24°59′20″/99°13′27″ 近水平 9/ 188.6 -46.4 188.6 -46.4 43.3 7.9 81.8 167.9 8.1 YYN25 24°59′20″/99°13′27″ 240/19 12/ 227 -42.6 212.2 -35.9 17.4 10.7 59.9 192.4 9.5 YYN26 24°59′20″/99°13′27″ 240/19 7/ 202.9 -52.6 188.6 -39.2 67.9 7.4 81.6 207 6.8 YYN27 24°59′20″/99°13′27″ 240/19 11/ 217.2 -53.1 202.2 -40.2 23.9 9.5 69.6 190.5 8.9 YYN28 24°59′20″/99°13′27″ 240/19 10/ 216.4 -40.2 204.5 -30.7 19.5 11.2 65.6 204.8 9.3 YYN29 24°59′20″/99°13′27″ 240/19 8/ 207.1 -51.1 192.5 -38.7 15.6 14.5 78.1 202.1 13.3 YYN30 24°59′20″/99°13′27″ 240/19 10/ 22.2 49.3 9.5 35.9 79.8 5.4 79.9 217.5 4.8 YYN剖面高温剩磁分量平均方向 /16 21.6 39.1 20.2 37.1 21.9/59.7 8.1/4.8 71 197.6 5 注：褶皱检验：99%置信度下通过褶皱检验[71]，Kc/Ks=2.72，F(30, 30) =2.38；通过褶皱检验[69]，DC slope：0.94±0.273；倒转检验：95%置信度下通过C类检验，平均γ=3.9 < 标准γ=10.6；n和N分别是古地磁采点内采样数和用于统计的采点数；k是统计精确度指数；α95和A95是平均方向95%置信度区间
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表 3 保山地体和腾冲地块白垩纪—新生代古地磁数据
Table 3 The Cretaceous and Cenozoic paleomagnetic data obtained from the Baoshan Terrane and the Tengchong Terrane
研究区 坐标(N/E) 地层时代 N/n 观测值 古纬度 虚地磁极VGP 相对于东亚稳定区 磁化类型 参考文献 偏角(°) 倾角(°) α95 观测值(°N) 期望值(°N) 纬度(°N) 经度(°E) A95 (°) k 旋转量(°) 纬度运移量(°) 参考极 BST (永德） 24.2°/99.0° 古新世 5 76.9 17.8 10.4 9.1±5.6 17.3±4.1 15.6 186.2 8.3 86.3 72.4±9.4 8.2±7.4 60Ma 原生分量 [44] TCB (片马） 25.9°/98.8° 约40Ma 5/ 89.8 35.1 11.8 19.7±7.8 18.3±4.2 8.5 171.3 10.3 87.2±11.8 1.1±8.9 40Ma 原生分量 [43] BST (芒市） 24.3°/98.4° 中新世 6/ 99.7 35.2 11.3 19.4±7.5 19.4±3.1 -0.5 166.8 12.2 97.6±13.3 0.0±10.1 20Ma 重磁化分量 [39] BST (昌宁） 24.4°/99.3° 中新世 22/ 81.7 35.1 3.8 19.4±2.5 19.5±3.1 15.1 174.6 3.8 66.3 79.6±5.2 0.2±3.9 20Ma 重磁化分量 [44] BST (芒市） 24.3°/98.4° 中新世 6/ 60.9 32 5.9 17.4±3.7 19.0±3.1 33.1 182.9 5.8 58.7±6.9 2.1 ±5.3 20Ma 重磁化分量 [43] BST (昌宁) 24.4°/99.3° 中新世 /11 55.8 47.1 9 28.3±7.5 19.5±3.1 40.3 172 8.9 53.6±10.6 -8.8±7.5 20Ma 重磁化分量 [44] BST (六库) 26.0°/ 98.8° 约30Ma 12/ 42.3 47 7.8 28.2±6.5 20.2±2.8 52.7 175.7 8.1 39.9±9.7 -8.0±6.9 30Ma [39] BST (保山) 25.0°/99.2° 中新世末6±0.2Ma 16/ 20.2 37.1 4.8 20.9±5.0 22.7±2.6 71 197.6 5.0 55.4 19.2±6.0 1.8±4.5 l0Ma 原生分量 本次研究 东亚磁极移曲线[7] 0Ma 纬度=89.0° 经度=76.6° k=200.7 A95=0.4° 10Ma 纬度=87.5° 经度=257.3° k=154.8 A95=2.6° 20Ma 纬度=84.7° 经度=255.9° k=112.5 A95=3.1° 30Ma 纬度=83.9° 经度=259.6° k=106.7 A95=2.8° 40Ma 纬度=81.9° 经度=260.8° k=94.8 A95=4.2° 60Ma 纬度=81.9° 经度=247.5° k=57.4 A95=4.1° 80Ma 纬度=79.5° 经度=216.9° k=42.2 A95=3.4° 注：N/n分别代表了用于古地磁结果统计的采点数和样品数；k是统计精确度指数；α95和A95是平均方向 95%置信度区间。旋转量： 正负值分别代表了顺时针旋转和逆时针旋转；纬向运移：正负值分别指示了南向纬向运移和北向纬向运移
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