Paleomagnetic study of Pliocene lacustrine strata in the Baoshan Basin at the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau
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摘要:
青藏高原东南缘受印度板块的持续挤压发生了强烈的陆内变形，前人的研究结果显示，保山地体中新世以来发生强烈的旋转变形，因此，在保山盆地东南缘上新世湖相沉积地层中采集了30个采点（约300块定向样品），其中160块样品分离出了特征剩磁分量，通过了褶皱检验和倒转检验，代表了沉积地层形成时的原生剩磁分量。地层产状校正后剩磁平均方向为：Ds/Is=20.2°/37.1°，Ks=59.7，α95=4.8°，N=16；对应古地磁极为：北纬67.9 °、东经205.7°，A95=2.6。通过与保山盆地东缘科研钻井磁性地层结果进行对比，可以确定羊邑剖面年代为6±0.2Ma；与10Ma东亚构造稳定区古地磁参考极对比发现，保山盆地发生了19.2°±6°的顺时针旋转，表明保山地体上新世以来平均顺时针旋转速率为3.2°±1.0°/Ma，如此快速的旋转速率印证了保山地体和腾冲地块古近纪和中新世古地磁研究所揭示的大角度顺时针旋转变形量。
Abstract:The southeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau has been strongly deformed by the penetration of the Indian Plate since the early Cenozoic. A large clockwise rotation of the Baoshan Terrane was reported through previous paleomagnetic studies. The authors therefore carried out a paleomagnetic study of the Pliocene lacustrine strata in the Baoshan Basin. A total of about 160 samples were treated by thermal demagnetization, and the characteristic remanent magnetism components (ChRMs) were isolated from these sam-ples along the Yangyi section (YYN), southeastern part of Baoshan Basin. Site-mean direction from the YYN is Ds/Is=20.21°/37.1°, Ks=59.7, α95=4.8°, N=16 after tilt correction, which give a paleomagnetic pole at 67.9°N, 205.7°E, A95=2.6°. The ChRM directions of the YYN section pass the fold and reversal tests, indicating that it represents the primary remanent magnetization during the formation of sedimentary rocks. The results reveal that the Baoshan Terrane has suffered from a clockwise rotation about 19.2°±6° relative to the paleomagnetic reference pole of East Asia since the Pliocene. Based on a comparison with the magnetostratigraphic results of the drilled core on the east margin of Baoshan basin, the authors hold that the age of the sampled strata of the YYN section is 6±0.2Ma, and a mean rotating rate of the Baoshan basin is about 3.2°±1.0°/Ma. This result is consistent with the large clockwise rotation of the Baoshan basin since the Miocene revealed by Oligocene and Miocene paleomagnetic studies of the Baoshan Terrane and Tengchong Block.
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Keywords:
- southeastern Tibetan Plateau /
- Baoshan Terrane /
- paleomagnetism /
- Pliocene /
- rotation
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致谢: 中国地质科学院地质力学研究所孙玉军副研究员和徐昊硕士在野外补采样中给予了帮助，国土资源部古地磁与古构造重建重点实验室其他成员在样品测试和分析中给予了指导和帮助，在此一并致以诚挚的谢意。
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图 1 青藏高原东南缘研究区构造地质简图（A, 据参考文献[44]修改）和保山地体北部及邻区地质简图（B）
（采样点位于保山地体北部保山盆地羊邑组中）
CDF—川滇断块；SMT—思茅地体；BST—保山地体；TCB—腾冲地块；LMSF—龙门山断裂；XSH-XJF—鲜水河小江断裂；RRF—哀牢山-红河断裂；DBPF—奠边府断裂；WCSZ—王朝韧性剪切带；MFTF—主前缘逆冲断裂带Figure 1. Schematic tectonic geological map of the southeastern edge of Tibetan Plateau (A) and tectonic map of the North Baoshan Terrane (B)
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图 2 保山盆地构造简图（A）和盆地南缘羊邑煤矿上新世羊邑组YYN古地磁采样点分布图（B）
（a~f为野外剖面部分照片）
Figure 2. Tectonic map of Baoshan Basin (A) and tectonic map of the paleomagnetic sampling section YYN in the Pliocene Yangyi Formation of southern part of the Baoshan Basin (B)
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图 3 岩石磁学实验代表样品结果图
Figure 3. Rock magnetic results for representative specimens from the Pliocene Yangyi Formation
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图 4 保山盆地上新统羊邑组岩石磁化率各向异性（AMS）实验结果
（a从左到右分别是等面积投影图、Pj-Km、T-P和磁化率椭球体3个轴的玫瑰花图，玫瑰花图中红色和蓝色箭头分别代表主压应力方向和主张应力方向）
Figure 4. Measurement results of anistropy magnetic susceptibility (AMS) of Pliocene Yangyi Formation in Baoshan Terrane
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图 5 保山盆地羊邑组HZN、YYN剖面代表样品退磁Zj正交矢量图
（地层校正前）（实心和空心符号分别代表水平面和垂直面投影图，红色重点展示用于拟合特征剩磁的退磁步骤）
Figure 5. Orthogonal projections of magnetization vector endpoints for representative specimens of HZN section and YYN section of the Pliocene Yangyi Formation in Baoshan Basin
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图 6 YYN剖面低温（低矫顽力）和高温（高矫顽力）剩磁分量等面积投影图
（实心圆、空心圆分别代表上、下球面投影，灰色实心圆代表空心圆在球面投影上的对跖点；红色、蓝色、橙色五角星分别代表平均方向、现代地球磁场方向和GAD模型期望地球磁场方向）
Figure 6. Equal-area projection of the site mean directions of the low temperature components and ChRMs of YYN section before and after tilt correction
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图 7 保山盆地YYN古地磁剖面地层和极性与汉庄镇钻井磁性地层结果对比
Figure 7. Magnetic stratigraphy study of YYN section of Pliocene Yangyi Formation, and the regional stratigraphic correlation with the result of magnetic stratigraphy study of the scientific drill hole near Hanzhuanng Town
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图 8 保山地体和腾冲地块古地磁偏角数据分布图（A）(箭头指示平均方向，两边短线代表误差值)和腾冲地块、保山地体旋转量-地质年龄图解（B）
TCB—腾冲地块；BST—保山地体；ARF—哀牢山-红河断裂带；NTF—南汀河断裂；WDF—畹町断裂；GLGF—高黎贡断裂带；CSF—崇山断裂带；SGF—实皆断裂；PMC—原生剩磁分量；RMC—次生剩磁分量
Figure 8. Paleomagnetic declinations obtained from the BST and TCB(A) and the rotational-age diagram of Baoshan Terrane (B)
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图 9 保山地体以南汀河断裂带为旋转边界的旋转量构造简图
SMT—思茅地体；BST—保山地体；TCB—腾冲地块；CDF—川滇断块；ARF—哀牢山-红河断裂；NTF—南汀河断裂；WDF—畹町断裂；GLGF—高黎贡断裂带；CSF—崇山断裂带；WCSZ—王朝韧性剪切带；XSH-XJF—鲜小河小江断裂
Figure 9. Generalized tectonic map illustrating the rotation of the Baoshan Terrane around the fitted Euler pole (red star) along the Nantinghe fault system
表 1 保山地体上新世羊邑组YYN剖面各采点磁化率各向异性(AMS)测试结果
Table 1 Measurement results of anistropy magnetic susceptibility (AMS) of YYN section, Pliocene Yangyi Formation in Baoshan Terrane
采点 坐标N/E 走向/倾角/º n Km×10-6SI L F Pj T K1 K2 K3 q K1D/I(º) K2D/I(º) K3D/I(º) YYN2 24°59′/99°14′ 147/32 10 140 1.004 1.013 1.018 0.564 1.006 1.003 0.991 0.22 322.6/0.9 232.6/2.8 69.8/87.1 YYN3 24°59′/99°14′ 135/16 7 119 1.002 1.024 1.029 0.816 1.009 1.007 0.984 0.08 342/2.8 252/1.3 136.6/86.9 YYN4 24°59′/99°14′ 346/4 6 100 1.002 1.026 1.032 0.826 1.009 1.006 0.985 0.13 139.3/4.1 49.2/2.6 287.5/85.1 YYN5 24°59′/99°14′ 18/11 6 96 1.006 1.026 1.034 0.627 1.01 1.008 0.983 0.08 280.5/2.8 190.4/1.6 71.4/86.8 YYN6 24°59′/99°14′ 8/3 6 138 1.006 1.037 1.047 0.768 1.014 1.01 0.976 0.11 84.8/10.2 354.4/1.9 253.9/79.6 YYN7 24°59′/99°14′ 25/4 6 111 1.008 1.016 1.025 0.331 1.01 1.002 0.988 0.44 275.2/0.9 185.1/6.5 13.3/83.4 YYN8 24°59′/99°14′ 25/4 6 125 1.011 1.014 1.026 0.094 1.008 1.004 0.988 0.22 92.2/9.8 183/4.9 299.2/79.1 YYN9 24°59′/99°14′ 25/4 6 129 1.01 1.01 1.02 0.028 1.009 1 0.99 0.62 102.4/10.5 193/3.5 301.1/78.9 YYN10 24°59′/99°14′ 37/30 6 114 1.007 1.019 1.028 0.462 1.009 1.004 0.986 0.24 114.9/0.2 204.9/5.8 22.7/84.2 YYN11 24°59′/99°14′ 206/25 6 218 1.007 1.012 1.02 0.216 1.009 1.002 0.989 0.42 106.9/2 16.6/8.5 209.8/81.3 YYN12 24°59′/99°14′ 206/25 6 183 1.006 1.018 1.026 0.504 1.01 1.004 0.986 0.29 114/0.8 204.1/6.5 16.9/83.4 YYN13 24°59′/99°14′ 206/25 6 311 1.004 1.019 1.025 0.607 1.008 1.005 0.987 0.15 109.2/4 200.1/12.4 1.8/77 YYN14 24°59′/99°14′ 206/25 5 172 1.002 1.021 1.026 0.792 1.008 1.006 0.986 0.1 114.2/5.1 204.8/6.7 346.9/81.5 YYN15 24°58′/99°16′ 22/27 6 126 1.003 1.021 1.026 0.747 1.008 1.005 0.987 0.15 280/10.4 11/5.6 128.8/78.2 YYN16 24°58′/99°16′ 22/27 6 121 1.004 1.019 1.025 0.523 1.007 1.004 0.99 0.19 330.9/4.8 240.6/3.7 112.8/83.9 YYN17 24°58′/99°16′ 22/27 6 103 1.005 1.015 1.021 0.384 1.005 1.003 0.992 0.17 333/20 241.4/4.6 139.1/69.4 YYN18 24°58′/99°16′ 22/27 6 98 1.006 1.016 1.023 0.422 1.007 1.002 0.991 0.37 318.4/8 50.3/13.3 198.3/74.4 YYN19 24°58′/99°16′ 22/27 6 148 1.006 1.011 1.018 0.241 1.003 1.001 0.996 0.33 293.9/22.4 27.5/8.7 137.3/65.8 YYN20 24°58′/99°16′ 22/27 6 108 1.004 1.008 1.012 0.252 1.005 1.001 0.994 0.44 300.4/14.9 31.7/4.8 139.1/74.3 YYN21 24°58′/99°16′ 4/17 6 108 1.002 1.022 1.027 0.759 1.008 1.007 0.985 0.04 300.8/5.2 210.4/4.5 79.9/83.1 YYN22 24°58′/99°16′ 4/17 10 159 1.002 1.023 1.028 0.832 1.008 1.007 0.985 0.04 306.1/3.9 215.8/3.6 83.3/84.7 YYN24 24°59′/99°13′ 近水平 7 222 1.006 1.026 1.034 0.641 1.011 1.007 0.982 0.15 160.1/4.7 68.7/16.7 265.3/72.7 YYN25 24°59′/99°13′ 240/19 6 147 1.004 1.015 1.021 0.558 1.007 1.004 0.989 0.18 130.3/1.1 40.2/2.7 242.1/87.1 YYN26 24°59′/99°13′ 240/19 6 155 1.005 1.021 1.028 0.652 1.007 1.006 0.987 0.05 114.7/1.7 24.5/9.2 215.1/80.6 YYN27 24°59′/99°13′ 24019 6 136 1.004 1.016 1.022 0.595 1.006 1.003 0.991 0.22 111.8/1.2 21.8/2.4 228/87.3 YYN28 24°59′/99°13′ 24019 6 140 1.002 1.015 1.019 0.698 1.006 1.004 0.99 0.13 321.4/2.4 51.8/7.6 214.2/82.1 YYN29 24°59′/99°13′ 24019 6 277 1.006 1.023 1.032 0.571 1.012 1.005 0.983 0.27 301.2/3.5 31.4/3.7 167.6/84.9 YYN30 24°59′/99°13′ 近水平 6 307 1.004 1.023 1.029 0.699 1.01 1.006 0.984 0.17 292.6/3.1 22.7/1.6 139.8/86.5 YYN-ALL 177 1.54E-04 1.005 1.019 1.026 0.551 1.007 1.005 0.988 0.11 117.8/0 27.8/1.2 208.6/88.8 注：n为样品数；Km是平均磁化率；磁线理L=K1/K2；磁面理F=K2/K3；形态参数T=(2η2-η1-η3)/(η1-η3)；η1=InK1，η2=InK2，η3=InK3，ηm=(η1+η2+η3)/3；各向异性度p=exp{sqrt[2×((η1-ηm)2+(η2-ηm)2+(η3-ηm)2]}；f=90-K3；q=(K1-K2)/[(K1+K2)/2-K3] 
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表 2 保山地体北部保山盆地上新世羊邑组YYN剖面特征剩磁分量
Table 2 High-temperature magnetic components of the Pliocene Yangyi Formation of section YYN in the central part of the Baoshan Basin in the north part of Baoshan Terrane
采点 坐标 地层产状 n/N 地层校正前 地层校正后 Kg/Ks α95g/α95s 虚地磁极VGP N/E 走向/倾角(º) 偏角(º) 倾角(º) 偏角(º) 倾角(º) 纬度(°N) 经度(°E) A95(º) YYN2 24°58′52″/99°14′12″ 147/32 9/ 32.4 12.9 24.3 41.2 13.6 14.5 67.8 187.6 13.8 YYN4 24°58′52″/99°14′12″ 85/16 10/ 14.2 28.8 14.4 37.5 59.4/69 6.4/6.0 76.2 203.1 5.4 YYN7 24°58′52″/99°14′12″ 25/4 8/ 18.2 36.1 22.1 36.2 23.6/23.0 11.6/11.8 69 198.2 10.5 YYN11 24°58′52″/99°14′12″ 37/10 11/ 32.2 43.8 41.8 43.8 22.5 11.2 52.4 179 11.1 YYN12 24°58′44″/99°14′07″ 206/25 8/ 219.9 -15.1 210.3 -20.3 29.1/31.4 10.4/10.0 57.8 210.6 7.6 YYN17 24°57′33″/99°15′41″ 22/27 8/ 197.7 -33.9 215.4 -31.6 20.5 12.6 56.1 195.7 10.6 YYN20 24°57′33″/99°15′41″ 22/27 7/ 183 -30.2 200.3 -34.9 19.9 14 70.4 202.2 12.2 YYN21 24°57′33″/99°15′41″ 22/27 8/ 174.2 -37.8 187.8 -38.7 32.8 9.8 82.2 211.4 9 YYN22 24°57′33″/99°15′41″ 4/17 9/ 175.2 -33.9 186.9 -34.8 91.7 5.4 81.4 230.2 4.7 YYN24 24°59′20″/99°13′27″ 近水平 9/ 188.6 -46.4 188.6 -46.4 43.3 7.9 81.8 167.9 8.1 YYN25 24°59′20″/99°13′27″ 240/19 12/ 227 -42.6 212.2 -35.9 17.4 10.7 59.9 192.4 9.5 YYN26 24°59′20″/99°13′27″ 240/19 7/ 202.9 -52.6 188.6 -39.2 67.9 7.4 81.6 207 6.8 YYN27 24°59′20″/99°13′27″ 240/19 11/ 217.2 -53.1 202.2 -40.2 23.9 9.5 69.6 190.5 8.9 YYN28 24°59′20″/99°13′27″ 240/19 10/ 216.4 -40.2 204.5 -30.7 19.5 11.2 65.6 204.8 9.3 YYN29 24°59′20″/99°13′27″ 240/19 8/ 207.1 -51.1 192.5 -38.7 15.6 14.5 78.1 202.1 13.3 YYN30 24°59′20″/99°13′27″ 240/19 10/ 22.2 49.3 9.5 35.9 79.8 5.4 79.9 217.5 4.8 YYN剖面高温剩磁分量平均方向 /16 21.6 39.1 20.2 37.1 21.9/59.7 8.1/4.8 71 197.6 5 注：褶皱检验：99%置信度下通过褶皱检验[71]，Kc/Ks=2.72，F(30, 30) =2.38；通过褶皱检验[69]，DC slope：0.94±0.273；倒转检验：95%置信度下通过C类检验，平均γ=3.9 < 标准γ=10.6；n和N分别是古地磁采点内采样数和用于统计的采点数；k是统计精确度指数；α95和A95是平均方向95%置信度区间
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表 3 保山地体和腾冲地块白垩纪—新生代古地磁数据
Table 3 The Cretaceous and Cenozoic paleomagnetic data obtained from the Baoshan Terrane and the Tengchong Terrane
研究区 坐标(N/E) 地层时代 N/n 观测值 古纬度 虚地磁极VGP 相对于东亚稳定区 磁化类型 参考文献 偏角(°) 倾角(°) α95 观测值(°N) 期望值(°N) 纬度(°N) 经度(°E) A95 (°) k 旋转量(°) 纬度运移量(°) 参考极 BST (永德） 24.2°/99.0° 古新世 5 76.9 17.8 10.4 9.1±5.6 17.3±4.1 15.6 186.2 8.3 86.3 72.4±9.4 8.2±7.4 60Ma 原生分量 [44] TCB (片马） 25.9°/98.8° 约40Ma 5/ 89.8 35.1 11.8 19.7±7.8 18.3±4.2 8.5 171.3 10.3 87.2±11.8 1.1±8.9 40Ma 原生分量 [43] BST (芒市） 24.3°/98.4° 中新世 6/ 99.7 35.2 11.3 19.4±7.5 19.4±3.1 -0.5 166.8 12.2 97.6±13.3 0.0±10.1 20Ma 重磁化分量 [39] BST (昌宁） 24.4°/99.3° 中新世 22/ 81.7 35.1 3.8 19.4±2.5 19.5±3.1 15.1 174.6 3.8 66.3 79.6±5.2 0.2±3.9 20Ma 重磁化分量 [44] BST (芒市） 24.3°/98.4° 中新世 6/ 60.9 32 5.9 17.4±3.7 19.0±3.1 33.1 182.9 5.8 58.7±6.9 2.1 ±5.3 20Ma 重磁化分量 [43] BST (昌宁) 24.4°/99.3° 中新世 /11 55.8 47.1 9 28.3±7.5 19.5±3.1 40.3 172 8.9 53.6±10.6 -8.8±7.5 20Ma 重磁化分量 [44] BST (六库) 26.0°/ 98.8° 约30Ma 12/ 42.3 47 7.8 28.2±6.5 20.2±2.8 52.7 175.7 8.1 39.9±9.7 -8.0±6.9 30Ma [39] BST (保山) 25.0°/99.2° 中新世末6±0.2Ma 16/ 20.2 37.1 4.8 20.9±5.0 22.7±2.6 71 197.6 5.0 55.4 19.2±6.0 1.8±4.5 l0Ma 原生分量 本次研究 东亚磁极移曲线[7] 0Ma 纬度=89.0° 经度=76.6° k=200.7 A95=0.4° 10Ma 纬度=87.5° 经度=257.3° k=154.8 A95=2.6° 20Ma 纬度=84.7° 经度=255.9° k=112.5 A95=3.1° 30Ma 纬度=83.9° 经度=259.6° k=106.7 A95=2.8° 40Ma 纬度=81.9° 经度=260.8° k=94.8 A95=4.2° 60Ma 纬度=81.9° 经度=247.5° k=57.4 A95=4.1° 80Ma 纬度=79.5° 经度=216.9° k=42.2 A95=3.4° 注：N/n分别代表了用于古地磁结果统计的采点数和样品数；k是统计精确度指数；α95和A95是平均方向 95%置信度区间。旋转量： 正负值分别代表了顺时针旋转和逆时针旋转；纬向运移：正负值分别指示了南向纬向运移和北向纬向运移
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