Geological features of greenstone belt, typical gold deposits and gold mineralization in northern Guiana shield, South America
-
摘要:
圭亚那地盾位于南美洲亚马孙克拉通的北部，其北部广泛发育太古宙典型的花岗岩-绿岩带，主要岩石组成为花岗岩、片麻岩和英云闪长岩，古元古代变质超基性-基性火山岩-侵入岩、其他变质火山岩等。由于独特的地质构造位置和复杂的构造演化历史，形成了良好的绿岩型金成矿地质背景，产生了大量的金矿床。通过总结圭亚那地盾北部绿岩带的岩石特征、成岩时代和构造演化历史，对委内瑞拉埃尔卡劳金矿、圭亚那欧迈金矿和苏里南罗瑟贝尔金矿进行典型矿床剖析，系统研究了该区绿岩带型金矿的成矿地质背景、成矿流体及成矿年代学特征，建立了区域绿岩带型金矿成矿模型，并在分析找矿要素的基础上，提出圭亚那地盾北部的金矿找矿方向。
Abstract:Guiana shield is located in the north of Amazon Craton, South America. Typical Archean granite-greenstone belt is developed extensively in the north part of Guiana shield. The rocks mainly include granite, gneiss, tonalite, Paleoproterozoic metamorphic ultrabasic-basic volcanic rock-intrusive rock and some other metavolcanic rocks. Guiana shield has a good geological background of greenstone-gold mineralization due to its unique tectonic position and complex tectonic evolution history. This paper provides a guideline for gold mine exploration in northern Guiana shield through a typical ore deposit analysis of Venezuela El Callao, Guiana Omai and Surinam Rosebel by Summarizing petrological features of Guiana greenstone belt in northern shield, petrogenic epoch as well as its tectonic evolutionary history. In addition, the authors made a systematic study of the metallogenic geological background of greenstone-gold deposit, ore-forming fluid, metallogenic chronology, and established a mineralization model for greenstone-gold mine. Exploration guides for gold deposits of Guiana shield are put forward based on the analysis of the ore-prospecting elements.
-
Keywords:
- greenstone belt /
- gold deposit /
- mineralization /
- Guiana shield /
- South America
-
致谢: 感谢中国地质调查局南京地质调查中心芮行健研究员、南京大学顾连兴教授等对本文的指导。
-
![]()
图 1 圭亚那地盾北部区域地质图（据参考文献[1]修改）
Figure 1. Regional geological map of northern Guiana shield
![]()
图 2 圭亚那地盾北部地质概况重建图（据参考文献[1]修改）
1—古元古代罗雷马（Roraima）组沉积岩，Uatuma组和Avanavero组镁铁质和长英质火山岩；2—古元古代高级变质岩；3—古元古代花岗岩类杂岩体；4—古元古代低级绿岩带；5—太古宙伊马塔卡（Imataca）杂岩体；6—一般断层；7—剪切断层；8—Roraima组底部古水流方向；9—马卡帕-库里布隆（Makapa-Kuribrong）剪切带；10—圭亚那中央（Central Guiana）剪切带；11—北苏里南（North Suriname）剪切带；12—北圭亚那地槽；13—主要金矿床；14—城市
Figure 2. Geological reconstruction map of northern Guiana shield
![]()
图 3 埃尔卡劳（El Callao）金矿区域地质图（据参考文献[16]修改）
Figure 3. Geological map of the EI Callao gold deposit
表 1 圭亚那地盾典型金矿床的主要特征[1]
Table 1 Main characteristics of gold deposits in the Guiana shield
矿床名称 欧迈 老鹰山 罗瑟贝尔 圣艾利 多林 埃尔卡劳 容矿岩石 范内尔(Fennell)矿体：石英闪长岩、安山岩、玄武岩
维诺特〔Wenot)矿体：流纹岩、石英斑岩、沉积岩、安山岩EM矿体:花岗岩类、花岗岩斑岩
麦哈哈〔Minehaha)地区:安山岩、沉积岩沉积岩、镁铁质及长英质火山岩、火山碎屑岩 流纹岩、花岗岩、镁铁质火山岩 花岗岩类、石英斑岩、火山岩、沉积岩 镁铁质及长英质火山岩、沉积岩、花岗岩类 围岩变质程度 绿片岩相、未变质的花岗岩类 绿片岩相、未变质的花岗岩类 中高级变质 中高级变质 绿片岩相 绿片岩相 构造 剪切带，网脉状 EM矿体:网脉状；
麦哈哈矿体:剪切带剪切带，褶皱 剪切带 剪切带，网脉状 剪切带，网脉状 围岩年龄 范内尔矿体：2094Ma 无数据，推测类似于Omai矿床 —— 2146Ma 2110Ma 2154Ma 成矿时代 2002Ma —— —— 1983~2002Ma 2067Ma —— 主要矿石及脉石矿物 自然金、黄铁矿、黄铜矿、方铅矿、磁黄铁矿、闪锌矿、碲化物、辉钼矿、白钨矿、石英、碳酸盐岩、绢云母、电气石、绿泥石、绿帘石 黄铁矿、磁铁矿、辉钼矿、黄铜矿、白钨矿、锡石、石英、黑云母、绿泥石、绿帘石 自然金、黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿、石英、碳酸盐岩、钾长石、电气石 自然金、磁黄铁矿、黄铁矿、黄铜矿、碲化物、方铅矿、辉钼矿、硫镉矿 电气石、石英、碳酸盐岩、绿泥石、白云母 黄铁矿、黄铜矿、辉钼矿、铜蓝、赤铁矿、石英、碳酸盐岩 热液蚀变类型 硫化、碳酸盐岩化、硅化、绢云母化绿泥石化、钠长石化 硅化、硫化、绢云母化、绿泥石化、泥化、钠帘石化 钟化、硫化、碳酸盐岩化 钟化、硫化、碳酸盐岩化、硅化 电气石化 电气石化、绢云母化、泥化 流体温度 170~260℃ —— —— > 350~400℃ 200~300℃ —— 深度 < 5km 浅成 5~10km 5~10km 5~10km —— δ34S(‰ CDT) -5.9~4.5 —— —— +0.8~+5.9 -0.5~+2.6 —— δ18Oquartz(‰ SMOW) +13.2~+14.0 —— —— +9.0~+11.7 +12.2~+14.0 —— δ18O(‰ SMOW) +11.7~+15.3 (方解石，铁白云石), +3.8~+4.3(白钨矿） —— —— +11.0~+11.7 (方解石) +10.8~+15.7 (方解石、铁白云石、菱铁矿） —— δ13Ccarb(‰ PDB) +1.4~+4.7 —— —— -3.5~-2.1 -5.2~-0.8 —— 
下载: 导出CSV
-
Voicu G, Bardoux M, Stevenson R.Lithostratigraphy, geochronology and gold metallogeny in the northern Guiana Shield, South America:a review[J].Ore Geol., 2001, 18:211-236. doi: 10.1016/S0169-1368(01)00030-0
Gibbs A K, Barron C N.Geology of the Guiana Shield[M].Oxford University Press, 1993:1-246.
Gruau G, Martin H, Leveque B, et al.Rb-Srand Sm-Nd geochronology of Lower Proterozoic granite-greenstone terrains in French Guiana, South America[J].Precambrian Research, 1985, 30:63-80. doi: 10.1016/0301-9268(85)90029-4
Milési J P, Egal E, Ledru P, et al.Les mineralisations du Nord de la Guyane franc, aise dans leur cadre geologique[J].Chronique de la Recherche Miniere, 1995, 518:5-58. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281156080_Le_plateau_des_Guyanes_et_son_potentiel_minier
Day W C, Tosdal R M, Acosta E L, et al.Geology of the Lo Increible mining district and U-Pb age of the early Proterozoic Yuruari Formation of the Pastora Supergroup, Guayana Shield, Venezuela[C]//U.S.Geological Survey Open-File-Report, 1995:1-13. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291653321_Geology_of_the_Lo_Increible_mining_district_and_U-Pb_age_of_the_early_Proterozoic_Yuruari_Formation_of_the_Pastora_Supergroup_Guayana_Shield_Venezuela
Lafrance J, Bardoux M, Voicu G, et al.Geological and metallogenic environments of gold deposits of the Guiana Shield:a comparative study between St-Elie(French Guiana) and Omai(Guyana)[J].Exploration and Mining Geology, 1999, 8(1/2):117-135. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285838509_Geological_and_metallogenic_environments_of_gold_deposits_of_the_Guiana_shield_A_comparative_study_between_St-Elite_French_Guiana_and_Omai_Guyana
Norcross C E, Davis D W, Spooner E T C, et al.U-Pb and PbPb age constraints on Paleoproterozoic magmatism, deformation and gold mineralization in the Omai area, Guyana Shield[J].Precambrian Research, 2000, 102:69-86. doi: 10.1016/S0301-9268(99)00102-3
Daoust C, Voicu G, Brisson H, et al.Geological setting of the Paleoproterozoic Rosebel gold district, Guiana Shield, Suriname[J].Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 2011, 32:222-245. doi: 10.1016/j.jsames.2011.07.001
Delor C, Lafon J M, Lahondère D, et al.Paleoproterozoic framework of the Guiana Shield Ⅱ-continental scale boudinage and ultrahigh temperature granulite belt exhumation at 2.07-2.06Ga[J].Simposio de Geologia de Amazonia, 2001:1-5. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289211257_Paleoproterozoic_framework_of_the_Guiana_shield_II_-_continental_scale_boudinage_and_ultrahigh-temperature_granulite_belt_exhumation_at_207-206_Ga
Delor C, Lahondère D, Egal E, et al.Transamazonian crustal growth and reworking as revealed by the 1:500000 scale geological map of French Guiana[J].Géologie de la France, 2003:5-57. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284772549_Transamazonian_crustal_growth_and_reworking_as_revealed_by_the_1500000-scale_geological_map_of_French_Guiana_2nd_edition
Voicu G.Metallogeny of the Omai gold deposit[C]//Wendt C.The Geology, Geochemistry, Geophysics, and Mineral Deposits of the Guiana and West African Shields.Short Course Notes, Northwest Mining Convention, Spokane, WA, USA, 1997:1-42.
Voicu G, Bardoux M, Harnois L, et al.Lithological and geochemical environment of igneous and sedimentary rocks at the Omai gold mine, Guyana, South America[J].Exploration and Mining Geology, 1997, 6(2):153-170. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281368824_Lithological_and_geochemical_features_of_igneous_and_sedimentary_rocks_at_the_Omai_gold_mine_Guyana_South_America
Delor C, de Roever E W F, Lafon J M, et al.The Bakhuis ultrahigh-temperature granulite belt (Suriname):Ⅱ.Implications for the late Transamazonian crustal stretching in a revised Guiana Shield framework[J].Geologie de la France, 2003:207-230. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alain_Potrel/publication/245540267_The_Bakhuis_ultrahigh-temperature_granulite_belt_Suriname_II_Implications_for_late_Transamazonian_crustal_stretching_in_a_revised_Guiana_Shield_framework/links/549056490cf225bf66a82af9/The-Bakhuis-ultrahigh-temperature-granulite-belt-Suriname-II-Implications-for-late-Transamazonian-crustal-stretching-in-a-revised-Guiana-Shield-framework.pdf
Reis N J, de Faria M S G, Fraga L M, et al.Orosirian calc-alkaline volcanism and the Orocaima event in the northern Amazonian Craton, eastern Roraima State, Brazil[J].Rev.Bras.Geoc., 2000, 30:380-383. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223847076_Miocene_volcanism_in_eastern_Oregon_An_example_of_calc-alkaline_volcanism_unrelated_to_subduction
Bosma W, Kroonenberg S B, Van Lissa R V, et al.An explanation to the geology of Suriname[J].Contributions to the Geology of Suriname, 1984, 8:31-82. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288865395_An_explanation_to_the_geology_of_Suriname
Mayes D, Geo P.Lo Increible 4a and 4b mining properties El Callao mining district bolivar state[M].Venezuela for Medoro Resources Ltd., 2006.
Voicu G, Bardoux M, Jebrak M, et al.Structural, mineralogical, and geochemical studies of the Paleoproterozoic Omai gold deposit, Guyana[J].Economic Geology, 1999, 94(8):1277-1304. doi: 10.2113/gsecongeo.94.8.1277
张兴仁.Omai金矿建设工作经验[J].国外黄金参考, 1997, (11):21-24. http://www.cqvip.com/qk/97186X/199711 Voicu G.The geology, geochemistry and metallogeny of the Omai gold deposit, Guyana, South America[D].Universite du Quebec a Montreal, Canada, 1999:1-271. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/34749450_The_geology_and_geochemistry_of_the_Omai_goldfield_Guyana
Elliott R G.The geology and geochemistry of the Omai goldfield, Guyana[D].Oxford Brookes University, UK, 1992:1-230. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/34749450_The_geology_and_geochemistry_of_the_Omai_goldfield_Guyana
Hallbauer D K, Voicu G.A geochemical assessment of the hydrothermal systems at the Omai gold mine, Guyana, from the composition of fluid inclusions in ore minerals and gangue Geocongress[J].The Geological Society of South Africa, Pretoria, Extended Abstracts, 1998:213-215. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169136801000300
Voicu G, Hallbauer D K.Determination of the physico-chemical characteristics of hydrothermal fluids from the post-metamorphic Omai gold deposit, Guiana Shield, using analysis of ionic species by crush-leach technique and capillary electrophoresis[J].Mineralogy and Petrology, 2005, 83:243-270. doi: 10.1007/s00710-004-0070-4
Voicu G, Bardoux M, Stevenson R, et al.Nd and Sr isotope study of hydrothermal scheelite and host rocks at Omai, Guiana Shield:implications for ore fluid source and flow path during the formation of orogenic gold deposits[J].Mineralium Deposita, 2000, 35(4):302-314. doi: 10.1007/s001260050243
Marcoux E, Milesi J P.Lead isotope signature in Early Proterozoic ore deposits in Western Africa:comparison with gold deposits in French Guiana[J].Economic Geology, 1993, 88:1862-1879. doi: 10.2113/gsecongeo.88.7.1862
Lerouge C, Milesi J P, Fouillac A M.The Paleoproterozoic Dorlin gold deposit, French Guiana:genetic constraints of the stable isotope geochemistry[J].Chemical Geology, 1999, 155:131-149. doi: 10.1016/S0009-2541(98)00145-4
Groves D I, Vielreicher R M, Goldfarb R J, et al.Controls on the heterogeneous distribution of mineral deposits through time[J].Mineral Deposits and Earth Evolution, 2005, 248(1):71-101. http://or.nsfc.gov.cn/bitstream/00001903-5/291794/1/1000008340998.pdf
Walrond G W.A metallogenic scheme for the Guiana Shield[C]//Munoz M.Memoria, I Symposium Amazonico, Ministerio de Energiay Minas, Caracas, Venezuela, 1985:609-624.
计量
- 文章访问数:
- HTML全文浏览量: 0
- PDF下载量:
