Comparison of geological mineralogy and geochemical characteristics between ore-bearing porphyries of porphyry deposits in the Andean and the Gandise metallogenic belts
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摘要:
在总结安第斯和冈底斯斑岩铜矿床地质矿物学特征的基础上，通过对2个成矿带与斑岩铜矿床有关的岩浆岩地球化学特征的对比分析，探讨了2种构造环境下形成的斑岩铜矿床含矿斑岩与成矿过程的异同点。安第斯成矿带的斑岩铜矿床形成于洋壳俯冲陆缘弧环境，成矿时代主要集中在始新世晚期-渐新世（43~31Ma）和中新世中期-上新世（12~4Ma），金属组合包括Cu-Mo和Cu-Au，含矿斑岩的SiO2含量变化范围较大，岩性从中性到酸性，以钙碱性-高钾钙碱性系列为主，少部分具有典型埃达克岩地球化学特征，而大多数安第斯含矿斑岩具有正常岛弧系列火山岩的地球化学特征。冈底斯成矿带斑岩铜矿床主要发育于陆-陆碰撞环境，成矿时代为中新世（20~12Ma），金属组合为Cu-Mo，缺乏Cu-Au组合，含矿斑岩岩性以酸性为主，且主要为高钾钙碱性-钾玄质系列岩浆岩，具有典型埃达克岩的地球化学特征。安第斯成矿带含矿斑岩的形成很可能是板片释放流体交代楔形地幔，经部分熔融与MASH过程的产物，并不是直接源于洋壳的部分熔融；而冈底斯成矿带含矿斑岩成因可能是早期洋壳多次俯冲形成俯冲增生弧，之后在陆陆碰撞过程中经历缩短加厚，与深部构造动力学机制发生变化时的部分熔融有关。
Abstract:In this paper, the authors analyzed and compared the geochemical characteristics of the magmatites related to porphyry copper deposits between the Andean and Gangdise metallogenic belts based on the summarizing of the geological mineralogical differences of both the ore-bearing porphyries and the mineralization mechanisms between the porphyry copper ores formed in two different tectonic backgrounds. The porphyry copper deposits in the Andean metallogenic belt were developed during the subduction process of oceanic crust, and they were mainly formed in the late Eocene-Oligocene (43~31Ma) and the middle Miocene-Pliocene (12~4Ma). Their metal combinations include Cu-Mo and Cu-Au. The components of SiO2 in the ore-baring porphyries vary in a large range, and the lithologies of these porphyries change from intermediate to acidic, dominated by the series of calcium alkaline-high potassium calcium alkaline rocks. Only a small part of the ore-bearing porphyries has typical adakite geochemical characteristics, whereas most of ore-bearing porphyries in the Andean metallogenic belt have the volcanic rock geochemical characteristics of normal arc series. The porphyry copper deposits in the Gangdise metallogenic belt were mainly developed during the continental collision process, and they were mainly formed in the Miocene (20~12Ma). Their metal combination is Cu-Mo with the lack of the combination of Cu-Au. The lithologies of ore-bearing poryphries are mainly acid, the poryphyries are dominated by magmatic rocks with high potassium calcium alkali, and the ore-bearing porphyries have typical adakite geochemical characteristics. The ore-bearing porphyries in the Andean metallogenic belt might have been formed during the partial melting process of the wedge mantle material metasomatized by the fluid which was released from the crust plate and the MASH procedure. They were not developed directly from the partial melted oceanic crust. The ore-bearing porphyries in the Gangdise metallogenic belt might have been formed during the partial melting process of the subduction accretion arc with the change of deep tectonic dynamic mechanism, which was caused by the multi-subduction of ocean crust and was shortened and thickened during the continental collision process.
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Keywords:
- Andes /
- Gangdise /
- porphyry copper deposit /
- ore-bearing porphyry /
- geochemical characteristics
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致谢: 对参与本文相关地质调查项目的所有人员表示诚挚的感谢。
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图 1 中安第斯成矿省主要斑岩铜矿床分布[4]
Figure 1. Distribution of porphyry copper deposits in middle Andean metallogenic province
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图 3 安第斯俯冲型、冈底斯碰撞型和雄村斑岩铜矿床成矿斑岩主量元素地球化学特征
a—SiO2-（Na2O +K2O）地球化学图；b—SiO2-K2O地球化学图
Figure 3. Major element geochemistry of ore-baring porphyries in the Andean subduction type, the Gangdise collisional type and the Xiongcun copper deposit
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图 4 安第斯俯冲型、冈底斯碰撞型和雄村斑岩铜矿床成矿斑岩稀土元素配分模式（a）和微量元素蛛网图（b）
Figure 4. REE patterns (a) and trace elements spider diagrams (b) of ore-bearing porphyries in the Andean subduction type, the Gangdese collisional type and the Xiongcun copper deposit
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图 5 安第斯俯冲型、冈底斯碰撞型和雄村斑岩铜矿床成矿斑岩Sr-Nd同位素组成
Figure 5. Sr-Nd isotropic composition diagram of ore-bearing porphyries in the Andean subduction type, the Gangdise collisional type, and the Xiongcun copper deposit
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图 6 安第斯俯冲型、冈底斯碰撞型和雄村斑岩铜矿床成矿斑岩
Y-Sr/Y图解（a）和YbN-（La/Yb）N图解（b）
Figure 6. Diagrams of Y-Sr/Y(a) and YbN-(La/Yb) N (b) of ore-bearing porphyries in the Andean subduction type, the Gangdise collisional type and the Xiongcun copper deposit
表 1 安第斯成矿带各斑岩铜矿床成矿期已发现的铜资源量①
Table 1 Porphyry copper resources discovered in the Andean metallogenic belt
围岩年龄 铜储量和资源量/104t 占已发现资源量的比例/% 晚中新世—早上新世 16600 28 中新世—上新世 2890 4.9 中新世中晚期 4700 7.9 中新世 410 0.7 始新世—渐新世 26900 45.4 古新世—始新世 6500 11 晚白垩世—中始新世 95 0.2 白垩纪 60 0.1 侏罗纪 900 1.5 二叠纪 200 0.3 合计 59255 100 
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表 2 安第斯与冈底斯斑岩铜矿床主要地质特征对比
Table 2 Comparison of main geological features of the porphyry copper deposits in Andes and Gangdise
成矿带类型 矿床 金属 含矿斑岩 岩石组合 蚀变矿物 时代/Ma 参考文献 安第斯成矿带 El Teniente 铜-钼-金 安山玢岩 安山岩、煌斑岩岩脉 黑云母、钠-钾长石、绿泥石、绢云母、绿帘石、磁铁矿、粘土矿物、石英、石膏、硬石膏、重晶石、电气石、碳酸盐矿物 4.8 [18] Chuquicamata 铜-钼-金 二长花岗斑岩 花岗闪长岩 黑云母、钾长石、钠长石、石英、絹云母、黄铁矿 33.6 [18] Rio Blanco-Los Bronces 铜-钼 石英二长斑岩、长石斑岩 安山岩、石英二长闪长岩、 石英、絹云母、黑云母、钾长石、钠长石、黄铁矿 5.4 [18-19] La Escondida 铜-钼-金 安山岩、石英闪长斑岩 流纹岩、石英二长岩、英安岩 高岭土化、絹云母化、明矾石化、钾长石化、斜长石化、绿泥石化、绿帘石化、黄铁矿 38 [18]③ Los Pelambres-El Pach 铜-钼 石英闪长斑岩 安山岩和细晶岩岩脉 黑云母、钾长石、石英、絹云母、粘土矿物 10 [18] Rosario 铜-钼 花岗闪长岩、石英二长斑岩 花岗闪长岩 黑云母、钠长石、磁铁矿、钾长石、黄铁矿、伊利石、绿泥石 34.1 [18] RadomiroTomic 铜-钼 花岗闪长岩 花岗闪长岩 钾长石、黑云母、石英、絹云母、黄铁矿 32.7 [18]④ La Granja 铜-钼-金 黑云母花岗闪长斑岩、角闪石花岗闪长斑岩、长石石英斑岩 安山岩、流纹岩、斑状闪长岩 絹云母、石英、黑云母、粘土矿物、绿泥石 10 [20]③-⑤ Escondida Norte 铜-钼 石英二长岩-花岗闪长斑岩 流纹岩; 石英二长岩(成矿后） 黑云母、绿泥石、絹云母、黄铁矿、硅化 39~36 [20] El Salvador 铜-钼-金 流纹英安岩、玄武岩 玄武岩、安山质熔岩、英安岩、玄武质安山岩 赤铁矿、方解石、绿泥石、钠长石、微斜长石、绿帘石、榍石、金红石、石英、絹云母 41 [18] Toki 铜 石英闪长岩、花岗闪长岩 闪长岩、二长闪长岩、花岗闪长岩、石英闪长岩、英安岩 黄铁矿、絹云母、绿泥石、绿帘石、硅化 39-36 [21-22] 冈底斯成矿带 雄村 铜±金-钼 角闪石英闪长玢岩 黑云母花岗闪长岩、斜长闪长玢岩、安山岩和煌斑岩 磁铁矿、石英、黑云母、絹云母、红柱石、石膏、绿泥石 183~177 [23] 驱龙 铜-钼 花岗闪长岩 二长花岗斑岩、闪长玢岩 钾长石、斜长石、黑云母、绿帘石、绿泥石、絹云母、石英、硬石膏 16.8 [24-25] 甲玛 铜-钼(-金） 二长花岗岩 花岗斑岩、闪长岩 石英、絹云母、角岩化、砂卡岩化 15 [24, 26]② 南木 铜-钼 花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩 黑云母二长花岗岩、石英二长岩 钾长石、黑云母、絹云母、绿帘石、绿泥石、碳酸盐化 16.4 [24, 26]② 厅宫 铜-钼 石英二长花岗岩 花岗岩 磁铁矿、桂化、絹云母化 14.3 [27]② 冲江 铜-钼 二长花岗岩 花岗岩 黄铁矿、磁铁矿 15.6 [24, 28]② 白容 铜-钼 黑云二长花岗斑岩、英安斑岩 石英二长(闪长）岩、英云闪长岩 石英、长石、絹云母、石膏、方解石、绿泥石 12 [29] 邦浦 钼-铜 二长花岗斑岩 凝灰岩 黄铁矿、辉钼矿、黄铜矿、方铅矿、石英、钾长石、斜长石、絹云母、方解石、绿泥石 14 [30-31]
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表 3 冈底斯成矿带成矿斑岩样品主要地球化学特征测定结果
Table 3 Major element geochemical analyses of the ore-bearing porphyries in the Gangdise metallogeinc belt
% 样品号 SiO2 AI2O3 CaO Fe2O3 FeO K2O MgO MnO Na2O P2O5 TiO2 TFe2O3 NaOK2O K2O/Na2O A/NK A/CNK Mg# NM1501 77.6 11.73 0.46 0.96 0.11 5.17 0.11 0.02 2.97 0.01 0.13 1.08 8.104 1.740741 1.117555 1.03494 3.535316 NM1502 66 15.89 2.86 2.94 0.32 2.47 1.39 0.03 4.82 0.19 0.48 3.292 7.29 0.512448 1.497659 1.004477 30.53952 NM1505 66.39 15.8 2.48 1.82 1.33 2.5 1.6 0.03 4.74 0.18 0.48 3.283 7.24 0.527426 1.503211 1.051373 35.95485 NM1508 69.16 14.93 1.19 2.06 0.18 3.7 0.97 0.01 4.47 0.14 0.34 2.258 8.17 0.82774 1.313247 1.102963 23.56176 NM1511 66.42 14.08 2.18 2.79 1.47 3.26 1.94 0.03 4.01 0.28 0.41 4.407 7.27 0.812968 1.389308 0.998209 38.843 NM1512 68.92 14.82 1.8 1.51 1.19 3.49 0.8 0.02 4.68 0.1 0.27 2.819 8.17 0.745726 1.290224 1.003729 20.2616 BR02 66.89 14.89 1.97 2.16 0.51 3.28 0.91 0.04 4.85 0.12 0.34 2.721 8.13 0.676289 1.290428 0.984372 23.24096 BR03 66.43 14.99 2.96 2.33 0.83 4.01 1.34 0.04 3.95 0.19 0.45 3.243 7.96 1.01519 1.38161 0.922967 30.9119 BR04 66.75 14.81 3.09 2.53 0.75 3.61 1.41 0.05 4.08 0.19 0.46 3.355 7.69 0.884804 1.393293 0.910953 32.65725 BR05 66.98 15.65 2.67 2.16 0.75 3.37 1.1 0.05 4.82 0.22 0.55 2.985 8.19 0.69917 1.350712 0.951385 27.53127 TG01 75.51 12.71 0.36 0.84 0.25 5.39 0.32 0.01 3.08 0.05 0.22 1.115 8.47 1.75 1.164365 1.098385 7.629514 TG02 66.98 14.83 2.17 2.03 0.09 3.85 1.12 0.05 4.31 0.16 0.39 3.02 8.16 0.893271 1.316081 0.974324 24.7885 TG03 77.67 11.1 0.12 0.63 0.4 6.33 0.11 0.01 1.95 0.03 0.14 1.07 8.28 3.246154 1.101541 1.078156 2.399426 TG07 67.78 14.94 2.21 2.87 0.25 3.63 0.93 0.08 4.54 0.13 0.39 3.145 8.17 0.799559 1.309611 0.968035 16.6694 JM1512 68.27 14.63 2.47 2.27 0.11 3.17 0.83 0.05 4.27 0.13 0.34 2.391 7.44 0.742389 1.398043 0.977709 17.5364 JM1513 68.78 14.43 2.56 1.3 1.04 3.24 0.85 0.04 4.09 0.12 0.35 2.444 7.33 0.792176 1.408567 0.967981 28.20625 Zk2412350 66.88 14.26 2.38 2.27 0.83 4 1.26 0.04 4.43 0.17 0.41 3.183 8.43 0.902935 1.226299 0.893288 28.46475 Zk2412368 68.4 14.28 1.77 1.15 1.4 4.28 1.26 0.03 4.14 0.16 0.4 2.69 8.42 1.033816 1.246593 0.972808 25.46758 Zk2413423 64.94 14.01 3.13 2.21 0.54 4.19 1.2 0.02 2.32 0.16 0.4 2.804 6.51 1.806034 1.675162 0.996129 23.92736 Zk2414402 74.36 13.1 0.47 0.83 0.32 5.34 0.34 0.01 2.96 0.13 0.23 1.182 8.3 1.804054 1.228415 1.137131 11.6702 Zk2415664 81.2 9.39 0.18 0.07 0.4 5.7 0.25 0 1.23 0.07 0.17 0.51 6.93 4.634146 1.143915 1.099981 7.078907 Zk2415684 73.93 12.4 1.15 0.89 0.32 5.72 0.56 0.01 2.39 0.09 0.24 1.242 8.11 2.393305 1.223031 1.01362 14.32496 Zk2415874 76.07 11.84 0.77 1.21 0.25 4.66 0.51 0.03 2.92 0.09 0.25 1.485 7.58 1.595890 1.2007545 1.0512328 11.601856
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表 4 安第斯成矿带成矿斑岩样品主量、微量和稀土元素测定结果
Table 4 Major, trace and rare earth elements analyses of ore-bearing porphyry samples in the Andean metallogenic belt
样品号 Ⅱ-3 Ⅲ-4 Ⅲ-5 Ⅳ-2 Ⅳ-3 Ⅳ-6 SiO2 68.26 74.05 72.07 77.53 72.86 66.02 Al2O3 17.38 15.79 16.28 11.33 13.87 17.28 CaO 0.07 0.12 0.04 0.08 1.68 0.19 Fe2O3 2.46 0.28 1.39 1.21 1.10 3.23 FeO 0.90 0.68 0.47 0.25 0.61 0.32 K2O 3.73 3.97 3.31 5.59 4.04 6.12 MgO 0.83 0.39 0.39 0.30 0.53 1.00 MnO 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.11 0.08 0.04 Na2O 0.08 < 0.01 < 0.01 1.11 3.94 0.07 P2O5 0.17 0.11 0.06 0.02 0.06 0.02 TiO2 0.77 0.55 0.48 0.16 0.19 0.31 CO2 0.34 0.34 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.52 H2O + 4.08 2.82 3.92 1.14 0.46 2.94 烧失量 4.08 2.91 4.18 1.36 0.40 3.36 Li 206 37.9 59.2 15.5 42.5 29.9 Be 3.74 4.56 5.53 0.69 3.22 2.38 Cr 25.7 26.0 25.1 5.82 7.89 3.50 Mn 407 79.2 80.6 891 632 299 Co 0.49 0.48 1.92 10.9 3.14 1.04 Ni 9.47 1.24 9.61 2.83 5.40 1.20 Cu 11.1 19.2 206 2400 92.7 4447 Zn 79.5 9.38 19.6 44.4 23.6 21.6 Ga 16.9 34.7 42.1 12.1 16.3 35.8 Rb 384 418 357 179 226 249 Sr 19.3 208 76.2 39.4 234 31.6 Mo 1.38 2.27 1.70 1.30 1.18 189 Cd < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 0.37 < 0.05 1.11 In 0.61 0.31 0.43 < 0.05 < 0.05 0.19 Cs 30.1 12.0 23.0 1.91 19.5 2.22 Ba 218 94.2 56.0 948 302 289 Tl 3.33 2.18 2.01 0.70 0.52 0.78 Pb 878 15.8 15.3 6.94 13.2 2.23 Bi 39.1 0.38 17.8 0.24 0.07 1.73 Th 18.7 33.8 32.0 7.60 29.2 4.27 U 4.57 8.18 7.83 1.42 12.0 2.78 Nb 27.3 36.4 34.7 7.07 8.86 7.59 Ta 2.10 2.46 2.33 0.56 0.79 0.63 Zr 210 288 232 147 62.6 109 Hf 5.75 7.34 6.34 4.37 2.99 3.42 Sn 36.3 35.2 30.5 2.44 1.07 4.66 Sb 25.4 30.1 40.0 0.58 0.60 0.44 Ti 3989 3212 2923 900 1229 1787 W 2.89 4.79 3.56 0.60 0.43 33.0 As 34.6 1.44 29.8 1.62 1.93 23.9 V 57.1 48.4 41.5 9.00 21.8 76.0 La 56.8 88.6 76.6 30.5 17.8 30.8 Ce 111 160 145 56.3 28.4 56.8 Pr 13.2 18.4 16.0 6.47 2.83 6.19 Nd 49.7 67.7 53.9 23.5 10.1 21.3 Sm 7.53 9.97 8.36 5.25 1.93 3.47 Eu 1.00 1.69 1.56 0.95 0.39 0.57 Gd 4.54 5.87 5.45 3.39 1.12 1.84 Tb 0.68 0.73 0.67 0.55 0.16 0.27 Dy 3.42 3.53 3.34 3.12 0.93 1.38 Ho 0.63 0.61 0.57 0.59 0.18 0.26 Er 1.60 1.52 1.52 1.78 0.55 0.74 Tm 0.24 0.22 0.23 0.26 0.09 0.12 Yb 1.69 1.48 1.50 1.70 0.71 0.87 Lu 0.28 0.22 0.22 0.28 0.14 0.14 Sc 8.62 6.92 6.60 3.02 2.51 4.64 Y 15.3 15.0 14.0 16.7 5.23 7.34 注：主量元素含量单位为%，微量和稀土元素为10-6
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