Division of metallogenic units and geological characteristics in South America
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摘要:
南美洲是全球成矿规律研究的热点地区，区内优势矿产资源铜、铁、铝土矿、锡、铌、锂、金、银等在世界上占有重要地位，也是全球矿产勘查投资的重点地区。根据大地构造单元划分，结合实际矿床（点）空间分布、主要成矿类型及其成矿背景，对南美洲开展了三级成矿区带划分，共划分出2个Ⅰ级成矿区，9个Ⅱ级成矿省和42个Ⅲ级成矿带。阐述了南美洲成矿区带划分原则、命名规则、优势矿种、主要成矿时代等。以圭亚那地盾成矿省（Ⅱ-1）泛亚马孙成矿带（Ⅲ-2）为例，概述了Ⅲ级成矿带的优势矿种、矿床类型、赋矿岩系、控矿因素等，总结了区域构造演化、变质作用、岩浆活动等与成矿的关系。
Abstract:South America is one of the most important regions for prospecting investment and metallogenic regularity research. The dominant mineral resources in South America, such as copper, iron, bauxite, tin, niobium, lithum, gold and silver, play an important role in the world. On the basis of the division of tectonic units and the space-time distribution, metallogenic types of the deposits as well as their metallogenic environment, the metallogenic units of South America can be assigned to three ranks, with two first-rank metalllogenic domains, nine second-rank metallogenic provinces and forty-two metallogenic belts. The naming rules, dominant minerals and main metallogenic ages of the metallogenic units were analyzed in this paper. Finally, based on a case study of the Transamazon metallogenic belt (Ⅲ-2) in Guyana shield metallogenic province (Ⅱ-1), the authors summarize its dominant mineral resources, metallogenic types of the deposits, ore-hosting rocks and ore-controlling factors as well as the relationships between tectonic evolution, metamorphism, magmatism and mineralization.
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致谢: 中国地质大学（北京）本科生王橹玺和唐轶博在ArcGis绘图中提供帮助，审稿专家提出了很好的建议和修改意见，特致谢意。
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图 2 南美洲成矿区带划分示意图（底图据参考文献[28]修改）
Figure 2. The schematic map of division of metallogenic units, South America
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图 3 泛亚马孙成矿带变质热液型金矿床[18]
Figure 3. The metamorphic hydrothermal gold deposits in the Transamazon metallogenic belt
表 1 南美地台成矿区带划分
Table 1 The division of metallogenic units in South American platform
Ⅰ级成矿区 Ⅱ级成矿省 Ⅲ级成矿带 南美地台成矿区 Ⅱ-1圭亚那地盾成矿省 Ⅲ-1伊玛塔卡(Imataca)Fe-MⅡ-高岭土成矿带(Ar; Pt1?) Ⅲ-2泛亚马逊(Transamazon)Au-Mn-Cr-高岭.土成矿带(Pt1; N) Ⅲ-3塔帕若斯-帕里马（Tapajos-Parima)Sn-Au-REE-Nb-Th-Ta-铝土矿-金刚石成矿带(Pt1) Ⅲ-4里奥内格罗(Rio Negro)Au-Fe-铝土矿成矿带(Pt; Pt2) Ⅱ-2中巴西地盾成矿省 Ⅲ-5兴谷(Xingu)Au-Sn成矿带(Pt) Ⅲ -6卡拉加斯-中亚马逊(Carajas-Central Amazon)_Fe-Mn-Au-Cu-N1-Sn-Pb-Zn-Pt-铝土矿成矿带(Ar; Pt) Ⅲ-7雅卡雷阿坎加(Jacareacanga) Sn-Au-铝土矿-金刚石成矿带(Pt1) Ⅲ-8朗多尼亚-前雷纳(Rondonia-Juruena) Cu-Au-Ag-Pb-Zn成矿带(Pt 1) Ⅲ-9桑萨斯（Sunsas)Au-Sn-Ni-Cu-Zn成矿带（Pt2; Pt3) Ⅲ-10巴拉圭(Paraguay)Fe-Mn-Au成矿带(Pt3; ϵ) Ⅲ-11里奥阿帕(Rio Apa)Pb-Zn-Be-云母-长石-大理石成矿带(Pt1) Ⅲ-12阿拉瓜亚(Aragua1a) Cr成矿带(Pt3; ϵ) Ⅱ-3大西洋地盾成矿省 Ⅲ-13巴西利亚(Brasilia)Au-Ag-Cu-Pb-Cd-Co-Ni-Nb-Sn-REE-金刚石成矿带(Ar; Pt1; Pt2; Pt3) Ⅲ-14特雷斯马里亚斯（Tres Marias）Pb-Zn-Ag-Mn-Au-金刚石-萤石-石灰岩-高岭土成矿带（Pt3; K） Ⅲ-15圣弗朗西斯科（Sao Francisco）Fe-Au-Cu-Mn-Pb-Zn-Ag-Ti-Cr-Li-Be-祖母绿-金刚石成矿带（Ar; Pt1; Pt2; Pt3） 南美地台成矿区 Ⅱ-3大西洋地盾成矿省 Ⅲ-16博尔博雷玛(Borborema)W-Au-铌钽铁矿-荽镁矿-绿杵石-海蓝宝石-电气石4祖母绿成矿带(Pt; Pt2; Pt3; J; K) Ⅲ-17路易斯阿尔维兹(Lu1s Alves) Au-Pb-W-磷-黄石成矿带(Pt; Pt2) Ⅲ-18阿拉苏阿伊-里贝拉（Aracuai-Ribeira）Cr-Au-Fe -W-Mo-Cu-Sn -Pb-Zn-Ba-Ag -Li-Be-Ta--铝土矿-金刚石-磷酸盐-石墨-滑石-祖母绿-金绿宝石成矿带（Ar; Pt1; Pt3） Ⅲ-19里奥拉普拉塔（Rio de la Plata）Au-粘土-石灰石成矿带（Pt1; Pt3） Ⅲ-20唐费利西亚努（Dom Feliciano）Cu-Pb-Zn-Ag-Au-Ba-Sn-Ti-Zr-磷-萤石成矿带（Pt2; Pt3） Ⅲ-21圣路易斯（Sao Luis）Au成矿带（Pt1; K?） Ⅱ-4帕纳伊巴（Parnaiba）坳陷盆地Fe-盐类-石膏成矿省（O; K） Ⅱ-5索利蒙伊斯-亚马孙（Solimoes-Amazonas）坳陷盆地Fe-高岭土-盐类-石膏成矿省（O; K？） Ⅱ-6波蒂瓜尔-巴拉那（Potiguar-Parana）坳陷盆地U-金刚石成矿省（P; T; Q） 
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表 2 安第斯造山带成矿区带划分
Table 2 The division of metallogenic units in Andean orogenic belt
Ⅰ级成矿区 Ⅱ级成矿省 Ⅲ级成矿带 安第斯成矿区 Ⅱ-7北安第斯成矿省 Ⅲ-22加勒比（Caribbean）Ni-Fe-Ti-V-Cu-石膏成矿带（Mz） Ⅲ-23梅里达（Mérida）Pb-Zn-Cu成矿带（Pz？） Ⅲ-24东科迪勒拉（Eastern Cordillera）Fe-磷酸盐-石灰石-铝土矿成矿带（Mz2; Q？） Ⅲ-25雷亚尔（Cordillera Real in Ecuador and Columbia）Cu-Au-Pb-Zn成矿带（J; K） Ⅲ-26科多帕希（Cotopaxi）Au-Ag--硫成矿带（Mi; Ol） Ⅲ-27皮诺-达瓜-乔科（Pinon-Dagua-Choco）Au-多金属成矿带（J; K） Ⅲ-28北海岸带（North Coastal Cordillera）Cu-Au-多金属成矿带（E） Ⅲ-29皮沙亚波（Pisayambo）Cu-Au-Ag成矿带（Mi） Ⅱ-8中安第斯成矿省 Ⅲ-30皮乌拉-特鲁希略（Piura-Trujillo）Cu-Au-Ag成矿带（K; E） Ⅲ-31查查波亚斯-库斯科（Chachapoyas-Cusco）Au-Fe-Ag-Pb-Zn-重晶石成矿带（Mz？） Ⅲ-32安第斯前陆盆地（Andes Foreland basin）Au成矿带（Mz？） Ⅲ-33中科迪勒拉（Central Cordillera）Sn-W-多金属-盐类成矿带（J; E-Q） Ⅲ-34西科迪勒拉（Western Cordillera）Cu-Au-Ag-Fe-多金属-硫-盐类成矿带（E-Q） Ⅲ-35中海岸科迪勒拉（Central Coastal Cordillera）Cu-Fe-Au-Zn-Ag成矿带（J; K） Ⅲ-36普纳高原（Puna plateau）Cu-Au-Mo-Ag-盐类成矿带（Ol; Mi） Ⅲ-37帕姆皮亚（Pampia）Cu-W-Ni-Cr-Co-Pt-U-Au-伟晶岩成矿带（Pt3; Pz2） Ⅲ-38内乌肯（Neuquén）Cu-U-硫-重晶石-天青石-盐类成矿带（E; Q） Ⅱ-9南安第斯成矿省 Ⅲ-39东巴塔哥尼亚（Eastern Patagonia）W-Au-多金属-萤石-盐类成矿带（J; K?） Ⅲ-40中巴塔哥尼亚（Central Patagonia）石灰华-高岭土成矿带（Q?） Ⅲ-41西巴塔哥尼亚（Western Patagonia）Au-Ag-Cu-Pb-Zn（J; K） Ⅲ-42火地岛（Tierra del Fuego）Au成矿带（Q）
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