Revision on a fossil species of Late Miocene polypodiaceae from Lin-cang, Yunnan Province, and its biological significance
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摘要:
云南现代真蕨类植物资源丰富,蕨类植物多样性的地史起源,必须从化石记录入手。在云南临沧上中新统邦卖组植物化石采集中发现了槲蕨属1块不育叶和2块腐殖叶的新材料,这些标本为修订Drynaria propinqua Wen et al.,2013,以及揭示该种不育叶和腐殖叶的特征提供了新的材料。通过与槲蕨属国内外报道的化石种和现生种的详细比较,将其重新定名为Drynaria cf.propinqua。Drynaria cf.propinqua的发现,表明云南临沧晚中新世的气候与现今中国西南地区温暖湿润的气候类似,这些附生植物的生活习性表明,临沧地区复杂分层的森林生态系统至少在晚中新世已经确立。
Abstract:Yunnan Province is rich in resources of modern ferns. Understanding the origin and the diversity history of Yunnan ferns must learn from fossil records. Some new materials including one sterile frond and two humus fronds of the genus Drynaria were found in recent collections. These new specimens allow us to revise the previous fossil species Drynaria propinqua Wen et al., 2013, and provide supplementary characteristics of sterile and humus fronds for this species. On the basis of detailed morphological compari-son of fossils with extant species of Drynaria, the authors identified this species as Drynariacf. propinqua. The occurrence of Drynariacf. propinqua indicates that the Late Miocene climate of Lincang in Yunnan was similar to that of Southwest China today, being warm and humid. The epiphytic habit of its extant relative species implies that the complex hierarchical forest ecosystem of Lincang in Yunnan had been established at least in Late Miocene.
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Keywords:
- Lincang /
- Late Miocene /
- Polypodiaceae /
- Drynaria /
- ecosystem
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致谢: 感谢兰州大学李宏、王磊、温雯雯、邵洋、王云峰、李斌科硕士研究生在野外化石采集中给予帮助,感谢王雪莲在实验和拍照过程中的指导与帮助。
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图 1 化石采集点位置[12]
Figure 1. Fossil locality of Lincang in Yunnan Province
表 1 槲蕨属不育叶化石与现生种对比
Table 1 Comparison of sterile frond between fossilDrynaria cf.propinqua and other fossils and extant species of Drynaria
种类 边缘 叶形 主脉 二级脉 三级脉 网眼状结构 叶长/cm 叶宽/cm 基部形状 叶的顶端形状 来源 化石种 D. callispora 全缘 卵圆形-椭圆形 明显,直 直或之字形 可见 存在,呈不规则或四边形 3.5~3.87 1.17~1.51 下延、收缩 急尖或钝 [4] D. dimorpha 锯齿 贝壳状 明显 之字形、未达缘 可见 存在,呈不规则或四边形 保存部分10~15.8 7.5~12.8 下延、明显收缩 急尖或钝 [5] D. cf. propinqua 锯齿 椭圆倒披针形 明显 可见、上攀式弯曲、纤细,直或之字形、未达缘或达缘 可见 存在,线性自由小脉,以五边形为主 保存部分10~11 1.5~1.9 下延 NA 本文;[6] 现生种 D. propinqua 锯齿 三角形-卵形 明显 明显,直,未达缘 可见 存在 (20-)30~50(-60) (12-)20~30 NA 尖头 [1,20] D. roosii 不明显的疏钝齿 披针状 明显 明显,之字形 可见 存在 20~45 10~15(-20) 心形 急尖或钝 [1,20] D. quercifolia 锯齿 长圆形 明显 明显,直 可见 存在,无内藏小脉 40~100 40 心形 渐尖 [1,20] D. rigidula 圆齿状-锯齿状 卵形 突起 突起,直 明显 突出,显著,网眼小、不整齐 25~100(-200) 12~50 渐狭而呈楔形 渐尖 [1,20] D. mollis 全缘 椭圆形 突起 突起 明显 突出,显著 20~40(-50) 7~12(-15) 心脏形 圆钝 [1,20] D. parishii 近全缘或略折皱 三角形 向下突起 明显,直 可见 存在,相邻两侧脉间有3~5行网眼,有内藏分离小脉 25 20 NA 尖头或渐尖头 [1,20] D. sparsisora 全缘 四角形-卵圆形 NA 直 NA NA NA NA NA NA [22] D. willdenowii 锯齿 四角形-卵圆形 突起,明显 直 可见 存在,明显 NA NA NA NA [22] D. laurentii 锯齿 四角形-卵圆形 NA 直 NA NA NA NA NA NA [22] D. descensa 全缘 四角形-卵圆形 NA 明显,之字形 NA NA NA NA NA NA [22] D. pleuridioides 全缘 四角形-卵圆形 可见,明显 之字形 可见 NA NA NA NA NA [22] D. involuta 全缘 四角形 突起,明显 明显,直 可见 存在,明显 NA NA NA NA [22] D. volkensii 锯齿 四角形-卵圆形 突起,明显 之字形 可见 存在,明显 NA NA NA NA [22] D. delavayi 浅缺刻 卵圆形-椭圆形 突起 突起,之字形 明显 突出、显著,大都有内藏小脉 25~45 12~18 耳形 尖头 [1,20,23] D. bonii 近全缘-浅波状 长圆状卵形 明显,粗细程度一般 明显,之字形,纤细,达缘 可见 存在,横脉明显,在每对侧脉之间构成5~6个大网眼,大网眼内有几个不整齐的小网眼,内藏小脉单一或很少分叉 30~70 20~30 稍狭长而下延 钝头至长渐尖 [1,20,24] D. baronii 锯齿状 狭长圆形 NA NA 可见 清晰,大都有内藏小脉 22~50 7~12 阔卵形 尖头或钝头 [1,20,25] 注:NA—不可用 表 2 槲蕨属腐殖叶化石与现生种对比
Table 2 Comparison of humus fronds between fossil Drynaria cf. propinqua and other fossils and extant species of Drynaria
种类 边缘 叶形 主脉 二级脉 三级脉 网眼状结构 叶长/cm 叶宽/cm 基部形状 叶的顶端形状 来源 化石种 D. cf. propinqua NA NA 粗壮 明显,粗 可见,之字形 存在,以五边形为主、线性的自由小脉 NA NA NA NA 本文 现生种 D. propinqua 不规则齿状 圆形或卵圆形 明显 明显 NA NA 10~20 7~18 NA 圆钝或尖头 [1,20] D. bonii 全缘或有圆形的浅裂 卵圆形-椭圆形 明显,粗壮 明显,粗 明显 存在,小脉下面明显而隆起,联结成伸长的网眼,少数有单一的内藏短小脉 (4-)10~15 (3.5-)8~12 浅心脏形而有互相覆盖的耳 钝或圆 [1,20] D. delavayi 略成齿状 卵圆形-椭圆形 明显 明显 NA NA 6~13 4~10 耳状 NA [1,20] D. mollis 全缘 椭圆形 明显 明显 明显 存在,叶轴两侧有明显的1行大网眼 7~15 3~7 心脏形,两侧有相互覆盖的耳 钝或尖头 [1,20] D. quercifolia 浅裂-深裂, 叶顶全缘 卵形 NA 粗壮,上部的斜向上,中部的平展,下部的向下反折成弧形 可见 存在,侧脉之间有曲折而不明晰的横脉相连,小脉连结成伸长的网眼,一般无内藏小脉 15~50 10~30 心脏形而有耳 钝圆 [1,20] D. roosii 全缘 心形 NA NA NA NA (2-)5~9 (2-)3~7 NA NA [1,20] D. rigidula 不规则细微齿状 长卵形 明显 明显 NA NA 10~30 5~15 心脏形而有耳 尖头-锐尖头 [1,20] D. baronii 略成齿状 椭圆形 NA NA NA NA 3~15 3~6 狭窄的,不是心形也不是耳状 NA [1,20] 注:NA—不可用 -
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