Sedimentary rocks and geochemical characteristics as well as detrital zircon of Abushan Formation in Woruobale and Bailong area, Tibet, and their indicating significance for provenance information
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摘要:
在白龙地区和窝若巴勒地区1：5万区域地质矿产调查中，根据阿布山组的野外岩石及沉积特征，将阿布山组分为上、下2段，分别为山前河流和湖泊相沉积。该组上段砂岩的地球化学特征显示，物源主要来自上地壳，且主要为长英质岩石。对阿布山组上段的砂岩层进行碎屑锆石采样，从该组的2个样品中得到的最年轻的碎屑锆石年龄分别为85.9Ma和100.39Ma，为该组的时代归属提供了依据。同时，2组样品存在110Ma、440Ma、820Ma、1280Ma四期年龄峰值，结合该组的岩石地球化学特征及物源信息，对羌塘地体的构造演化做了一定的探讨。
Abstract:From the 1:50000 regional geological and mineral survey of Bailong and Woruobale area, and on the basis of the field rock and sendimentary characteristics, the authors divided the Abushan Formation into two sections, i.e., piedmont alluvial and lacustrine facies clastic sediments. Geochemical characteristics of the sandstone samples from the upper Abushan Formation show that the provenance was mainly from the upper crust, and was mainly felsic rocks. The authors obtained for the first time two detrital zircon samples from Upper Abushan Formation, and the analytical results show that the youngest detrital zircon ages are 85.9Ma and 100.39Ma. The results provide a basis for determining the ages of Abushan Formation. In addition, there exist four peak ages for the two samples, i.e., 10Ma, 440Ma, 820Ma and 1280Ma. Combined with the geochemical characteristics and provenance information of this group, the authors made a discussion on the tectonic evolution of Qiangtang terrane.
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致谢: 感谢西藏地质调查院刘鸿飞院长、黄玮主任，西藏区调队曾庆高总工程师在野外给予的指导，感谢南京大学周国庆老师、中山大学殷征欣和钟云博士在室内研究给予的帮助，以及审稿专家给予的辛苦帮助，在此一并表示衷心的感谢。
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图 1 工作区区域构造图[15]及采样位置
Qhapl—第四系；K2ab—阿布山组；T3t—亭共错组；P1q—曲地组；J1-2M—木嘎岗日岩群；J1q—曲色岩组；J2s—色哇岩组；J3K1s—沙木罗组；δμK1—闪长玢岩；1—蛇绿岩带；2—断裂；3—缝合带北界；4—碎屑锆石样；5—地球化学样
Figure 1. Regional tectonic map of the study area, showing sampling sites
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图版Ⅰ a.阿布山组下段野外露头特征；b.阿布山组下段紫红色粗-巨砾岩；c.阿布山组上段野外露头特征；d.阿布山组下段紫红色粗砂岩中平行层理；e.阿布山组上段粗粒含砾岩屑石英砂岩镜下照片；f.紫红色粗粒石英岩屑砂岩镜下照片
图版Ⅰ.
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图 2 阿布山组砂岩构造判别图
Figure 2. Structural discrimination diagram for sandstone from Abushan Formation
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图 5 部分碎屑锆石阴极发光图像（a、b和c、d分别对应样品TG001和TC005）
Figure 5. Cathodoluminescence images of part of detrital zircons
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图 6 TG001和TC005样品碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄谐和图
Figure 6. U-Pb concordia diagrams of detrital zircons in samples TG001 and TC005
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图 7 TG001和TC005砂岩样品碎屑锆石年龄分布直方图与频率拟合曲线
Figure 7. Relative probability plots and age histogram of detrital zircon U-Pb ages for sandstone from samples TG001 and TC005
表 1 阿布山组砂岩主量、微量和稀土元素分析数据
Table 1 Major, trace and rare earth elements compositions of sandstone from Abushan Formation
送样编号 TG001 TG002 TG004 TG005 TC005 样品岩性 紫红色长石石英砂岩 紫红色细粒长石石英砂岩 深紫色粗粒含岩屑长石砂岩 紫红色细粒岩屑石英砂岩 紫红色中粒含岩屑长石砂岩 Bi 2.53 1.38 0.55 0.40 0.09 Sb 20.26 10.26 3.50 2.18 1.46 Y 8.39 14.71 13.46 19.21 6.04 La 15.65 22.09 23.02 15.26 33.53 Ce 23.96 37.84 39.29 23.54 51.80 Pr 3.36 4.91 5.28 3.61 6.55 Nd 13.34 19.42 20.25 15.38 24.25 Sm 2.46 3.73 3.90 3.51 4.10 Eu 0.42 0.80 0.67 0.70 0.98 Gd 3.41 3.69 3.72 3.74 3.77 Tb 0.43 0.58 0.58 0.65 0.52 Dy 1.83 3.18 3.00 3.95 1.91 Ho 0.39 0.57 0.52 0.66 0.34 Er 0.63 1.37 1.04 1.37 0.35 Tm 0.22 0.29 0.25 0.27 0.17 Yb 1.13 1.56 1.27 1.33 0.88 Ba 140.05 593.28 116.91 93.10 145.25 Co 14.20 11.60 10.70 7.10 12.00 Cr 31.40 35.60 46.70 33.00 40.90 Cu 81.24 49.31 17.14 9.04 25.67 Nb 5.40 7.60 5.70 3.70 12.30 Ni 45.30 25.80 22.83 12.20 23.20 Pb 877.62 426.75 153.34 120.94 23.17 Rb 41.20 46.10 27.60 21.10 19.10 Sr 171.11 144.35 101.33 157.58 295.00 Th 3.01 3.02 3.04 3.01 3.01 V 49.14 41.70 42.70 40.30 77.30 Zn 106.30 63.00 43.70 31.70 62.30 Zr 194.88 194.69 212.26 116.35 167.00 W 49.42 10.92 77.06 26.96 6.94 Mo 1.81 1.07 1.32 0.61 0.42 Au 0.52 0.20 0.06 0.06 0.0006 Ag 1.88 0.53 0.19 0.13 0.05 Hf 4.30 6.20 6.50 3.10 8.00 Sn 2.34 1.73 1.98 1.54 1.64 Al2O3 4.69 5.73 3.25 2.54 15.26 CaO 10.58 12.97 15.94 16.82 4.26 K2O 0.87 1.10 0.54 0.36 0.33 MgO 1.02 1.30 0.37 0.52 1.35 MnO 0.06 0.12 0.24 0.29 0.05 Na2O 0.02 1.31 0.21 0.04 0.83 P2O5 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.09 0.26 SiO2 67.68 61.65 61.80 62.16 63.17 TiO2 0.31 0.43 0.29 0.22 0.61 TFe2O3 2.58 2.31 3.27 2.60 3.40 Li 70.08 29.21 32.21 22.83 73.95 Be 0.76 0.89 0.69 0.48 1.21 In 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.05 Cs 3.49 4.42 1.45 1.21 1.23 Ce 28.32 42.65 44.04 23.15 48.13 Ta 0.84 0.89 0.63 0.44 1.30 Sc \ \ \ \ \ U 0.89 1.27 0.85 0.84 1.13 注：主量元素含量单位为%，微量和稀土元素含量为10-6 
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表 2 西藏窝若巴勒—白龙地区阿布山组砂岩与不同构造环境砂岩地球化学特征
Table 2 Geochemical parameter compartion between the sandstone from Abushan Formation in Woruobale and Bailong area, Tibet and that from various tectonic settings
参数 研究区 被动大陆边缘 活动大陆边缘 大陆岛弧 大洋岛弧 上地壳 SiO2 63.29 81.95 73.86 70.69 58.83 66 TiO2 0.37 0.49 0.46 0.64 1.06 0.5 Al2O3 6.29 8.41 12.89 14.04 17.11 15.2 TFeO+MgO 2.99 2.89 4.63 6.79 11.73 6.7 Al2O3/SiO2 0.1 0.1 0.18 0.2 0.29 7.15 K2O/Na2O 10.08 1.6 0.99 0.61 0.39 0.23 Al2O3/(CaO+Na2O) 0.84 4.15 2.56 2.42 1.72 0.87 La 35.29 39 37 27 8.2 30 Ce 4.74 85 78 59 19.4 64 ∑REE 94.63 210 186 146 58 146 LREE/HREE 9.91 8.5 9.1 7.7 3.8 9.47 (La/Yb)N 12.92 15.9 12.3 11 4.2 9.2 Th/U 3.12 5.6 4.8 4.6 2.1 3.8 Ti/Zr 1.28 6.74 15.3 19.7 56.8 15.8 Rb/Sr 0.21 1.19 0.89 0.65 0.05 0.32 Ba/Sr 1.43 4.7 3.8 3.55 0.95 1.57 注：主量元素含量单位为%，稀土元素含量为10-6；构造环境特征参数据参考文献[16]；上地壳值据参考文献[17]
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表 3 阿布山组砂岩碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Th-Pb定年数据
Table 3 Detrital zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Th-Pb dating results of Abushan Formation sandstone
样品号 元素含量/10-6 Th/U 同位素比值 同位素年龄/Ma Pb Th U 207Pb/235U 206Pb/238U 207Pb/235U 206Pb/238U 谐和度 TG001-1 27.37 62.40 65.89 0.95 4.51 0.31 1732.53 1726.76 99% TG001-2 6.24 289.71 243.36 1.19 0.15 0.02 145.76 107.16 69% TG001-3 5.21 59.48 125.18 0.48 0.28 0.03 254.39 214.61 83% TG001-4 20.84 195.40 478.09 0.41 0.25 0.04 224.77 224.21 99% TG001-5 96.02 43.95 234.44 0.19 5.49 0.34 1899.22 1883.93 99% TG001-6 47.52 69.50 214.57 0.32 1.88 0.18 1073.00 1064.42 99% TG001-7 19.89 180.09 378.76 0.48 0.35 0.04 306.04 271.70 88% TG001-8 146.96 52.07 316.88 0.16 7.06 0.39 2118.83 2102.89 99% TG001-9 49.92 182.40 277.11 0.66 1.26 0.14 829.55 835.75 99% TG001-10 52.47 155.63 181.19 0.86 2.27 0.21 1204.06 1221.15 98% TG001-11 66.20 148.34 139.96 1.06 5.07 0.33 1830.38 1818.16 99% TG001-12 33.95 122.78 204.76 0.60 1.19 0.13 794.84 777.99 97% TG001-13 34.74 118.63 180.19 0.66 1.34 0.15 864.31 877.06 98% TG001-14 42.29 41.89 62.13 0.67 10.74 0.49 2500.89 2582.20 96% TG001-15 51.26 262.75 203.97 1.29 1.58 0.17 961.99 997.24 96% TG001-16 9.28 255.71 141.25 1.81 0.57 0.04 457.10 236.29 36% TG001-17 35.18 79.48 176.49 0.45 1.52 0.16 937.67 948.11 98% TG001-18 130.46 67.68 493.31 0.14 2.57 0.22 1293.01 1300.93 99% TG001-19 21.13 316.70 431.38 0.73 0.24 0.04 218.35 231.20 94% TG001-20 15.08 241.55 239.42 1.01 0.33 0.05 293.26 305.23 96% TG001-21 13.38 119.78 288.04 0.42 0.24 0.04 214.97 240.65 88% TG001-22 337.22 223.05 643.89 0.35 10.16 0.38 2449.58 2084.27 83% TG001-23 13.35 86.42 188.74 0.46 0.54 0.06 440.74 346.79 76% TG001-24 35.38 232.15 369.12 0.63 0.56 0.07 454.30 450.28 99% TG001-25 106.12 38.64 269.91 0.14 4.93 0.33 1807.39 1838.35 98% TG001-26 45.27 73.85 342.78 0.22 1.06 0.11 735.81 656.25 88% TG001-27 23.82 117.30 569.26 0.21 0.24 0.04 221.49 225.77 98% TG001-28 13.28 258.65 381.34 0.68 0.21 0.03 196.31 177.94 90% TG001-29 126.24 314.91 506.61 0.62 2.02 0.19 1120.95 1113.64 99% TG001-30 36.58 206.94 736.28 0.28 0.30 0.04 262.51 258.85 98% TG001-31 69.81 179.66 227.66 0.79 2.45 0.22 1256.84 1276.79 98% TG001-32 80.62 136.18 260.66 0.52 2.64 0.24 1312.31 1365.53 96% TG001-33 54.34 185.36 231.06 0.80 1.64 0.17 985.50 1012.97 97% TG001-34 154.59 83.50 380.16 0.22 4.72 0.33 1771.38 1820.36 97% TG001-35 27.66 297.67 646.32 0.46 0.25 0.03 222.72 209.13 93% TG001-36 42.06 134.79 203.09 0.66 1.41 0.15 891.25 923.74 96% TG001-37 8.60 168.87 434.59 0.39 0.10 0.02 98.94 100.39 98% TG001-38 12.99 68.99 134.66 0.51 0.59 0.07 469.61 454.11 96% TG001-39 11.12 247.02 474.35 0.52 0.11 0.02 110.18 119.38 91% TG001-40 47.17 43.76 286.50 0.15 1.24 0.14 816.75 823.18 99% TG001-41 60.73 175.37 329.20 0.53 1.22 0.14 810.16 839.53 96% TG001-42 6.93 45.78 36.57 1.25 1.16 0.12 781.36 748.68 95% TG001-43 92.40 168.06 320.13 0.52 2.72 0.22 1333.15 1306.19 97% TG001-44 17.04 521.08 752.23 0.69 0.12 0.02 112.51 106.76 94% TG001-45 95.63 171.92 670.39 0.26 1.03 0.11 718.16 699.23 97% TG001-46 4.27 44.42 69.24 0.64 0.50 0.04 414.97 272.29 58% TG001-47 41.01 457.37 367.29 1.25 0.54 0.07 441.42 428.21 96% TG001-48 81.01 172.40 406.60 0.42 1.52 0.16 937.67 934.35 99% TC005-1 5.15 91.23 200.35 0.46 0.18 0.02 172.26 123.32 66% TC005-2 28.84 92.49 227.64 0.41 0.77 0.11 582.61 657.93 87% TC005-3 10.24 156.06 221.20 0.71 0.66 0.03 517.29 181.43 93% TC005-4 4.56 194.44 211.24 0.92 0.15 0.02 142.43 106.53 71% TC005-5 178.61 169.96 295.38 0.58 9.50 0.46 2387.42 2445.26 97% TC005-6 187.76 182.38 280.21 0.65 11.09 0.50 2530.45 2601.67 97% TC005-7 10.68 86.36 53.23 1.62 1.40 0.13 887.61 783.57 87% TC005-8 80.99 288.87 448.85 0.64 1.33 0.14 857.17 852.79 99% TC005-9 19.22 36.95 94.46 0.39 1.78 0.17 1039.43 988.67 94% TC005-10 3.80 81.25 132.04 0.62 0.25 0.02 226.60 145.03 56% TC005-11 25.75 83.81 117.15 0.72 1.71 0.17 1010.62 993.07 98% TC005-12 130.05 115.20 228.21 0.50 8.63 0.42 2299.56 2259.77 98% TC005-13 185.36 118.19 612.99 0.19 4.54 0.26 1738.21 1469.92 83% TC005-14 126.06 139.24 194.60 0.72 9.72 0.46 2408.65 2453.59 98% TC005-15 50.07 82.82 104.11 0.80 6.28 0.31 2016.08 1743.07 85% TC005-16 32.60 391.34 522.96 0.75 1.15 0.03 775.07 212.12 85% TC005-17 59.61 200.05 338.79 0.59 1.24 0.14 817.69 833.94 98% TC005-18 32.13 389.48 188.60 2.07 0.78 0.10 587.91 597.07 98% TC005-19 27.44 192.39 289.58 0.66 0.55 0.07 447.93 442.91 98% TC005-20 85.79 55.61 314.32 0.18 2.71 0.23 1331.69 1335.93 99% TC005-21 78.92 141.96 315.06 0.45 2.19 0.21 1177.89 1217.23 96% TC005-22 23.80 122.12 254.82 0.48 0.79 0.07 589.08 425.65 67% TC005-23 25.30 184.15 195.28 0.94 0.79 0.09 592.99 565.00 95% TC005-24 17.31 153.83 394.76 0.39 0.29 0.03 261.09 219.31 82% TC005-25 13.21 64.05 103.87 0.62 0.70 0.10 536.88 601.28 88% TC005-26 12.67 247.30 355.64 0.70 0.18 0.03 171.58 166.43 96% TC005-27 15.61 303.54 505.85 0.60 0.14 0.02 131.20 150.83 86% TC005-28 165.74 295.91 842.74 0.35 1.36 0.16 870.97 950.56 91% TC005-29 3.88 77.85 151.40 0.51 0.19 0.02 173.27 127.82 69% TC005-30 81.45 162.08 159.74 1.01 4.93 0.34 1808.13 1898.06 95% TC005-31 36.42 97.26 202.08 0.48 1.15 0.14 778.60 826.65 94% TC005-32 11.63 242.93 490.77 0.50 0.13 0.02 121.19 114.65 94% TC005-33 19.82 81.71 162.13 0.50 0.76 0.10 575.01 594.60 96% TC005-34 85.75 9.01 547.89 0.02 1.32 0.14 855.76 820.02 95% TC005-35 172.06 211.22 1057.13 0.20 1.29 0.14 842.48 830.33 98% TC005-36 33.48 169.20 128.61 1.32 1.74 0.17 1024.16 1010.62 98% TC005-37 99.54 105.00 580.68 0.18 1.36 0.15 874.02 905.98 96% TC005-38 9.33 41.34 67.28 0.61 0.85 0.11 623.73 652.77 95% TC005-39 138.68 325.35 662.65 0.49 1.41 0.16 891.33 982.18 90% TC005-40 19.25 67.68 106.27 0.64 1.03 0.14 717.39 842.65 83% TC005-41 8.14 47.95 55.80 0.86 0.87 0.11 635.78 663.23 95% TC005-42 138.76 109.76 539.09 0.20 2.11 0.21 1153.05 1254.52 91% TC005-43 24.71 222.05 413.84 0.54 0.60 0.04 474.94 237.44 93% TC005-44 51.47 139.59 188.15 0.74 1.62 0.20 979.27 1149.20 84% TC005-45 47.42 537.73 359.14 1.50 0.74 0.08 564.49 474.69 82% TC005-46 47.77 82.47 535.55 0.15 0.42 0.08 355.18 489.34 68% TC005-47 18.50 206.13 225.19 0.92 0.80 0.05 596.07 292.28 91% TC005-48 8.15 147.61 207.00 0.71 0.51 0.02 415.89 153.83 98% TC005-49 14.63 105.93 288.51 0.37 0.23 0.04 208.89 263.60 76% TC005-50 150.62 212.45 502.07 0.42 2.40 0.25 1242.76 1446.87 84% TC005-51 130.73 160.37 844.45 0.19 1.23 0.15 813.42 880.19 92% TC005-52 31.70 159.03 126.26 1.26 1.49 0.17 928.28 1002.73 92% TC005-53 6.41 101.77 165.20 0.62 0.27 0.03 242.99 185.99 73% TC005-54 6.36 105.15 188.55 0.56 0.24 0.02 216.81 157.65 68% TC005-55 7.78 116.18 337.87 0.34 0.15 0.02 144.69 118.73 80% TC005-56 20.18 48.05 98.32 0.49 1.62 0.16 977.29 976.44 99% TC005-57 43.18 98.64 125.66 0.79 3.42 0.24 1508.45 1396.85 92% TC005-58 41.56 176.43 245.52 0.72 1.15 0.13 779.18 780.20 99% TC005-59 61.37 68.06 745.56 0.09 0.59 0.07 470.37 444.88 94% TC005-60 14.85 198.70 600.47 0.33 0.14 0.02 132.54 131.83 99% TC005-61 8.70 207.49 248.61 0.83 0.21 0.03 194.32 162.82 82% TC005-62 165.19 78.64 599.11 0.13 3.80 0.21 1591.92 1241.09 75% TC005-63 27.60 418.36 1023.06 0.41 0.16 0.02 148.96 135.19 90% TC005-64 51.51 36.24 71.00 0.51 14.09 0.39 2755.50 2114.90 73% TC005-65 19.62 331.88 625.64 0.53 0.39 0.02 334.79 116.88 93% TC005-66 35.44 90.40 270.36 0.33 0.82 0.11 610.22 647.60 94% TC005-67 98.53 190.78 264.91 0.72 4.30 0.26 1692.58 1509.20 88% TC005-68 183.28 350.55 844.60 0.42 1.59 0.17 966.30 1013.43 95% TC005-69 3.59 140.97 193.21 0.73 0.21 0.01 192.07 85.91 93% TC005-70 25.73 135.39 123.65 1.09 1.19 0.14 793.79 840.05 94% TC005-71 205.31 343.42 296.34 1.16 8.64 0.44 2300.71 2332.78 98% TC005-72 48.59 561.26 409.48 1.37 0.51 0.08 421.41 474.96 88%
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表 4 羌塘盆地工作区部分前人碎屑锆石年龄及地质事件解释表
Table 4 The explanation table about previous work of detrital zircon ages and geological events of study area in Qiangtang Basin workplace
资料来源 样品类型 年龄组/Ma 地质解释 [13] 绢云母石英糜棱片岩 509~548 羌塘地块与拉萨地块碰撞事件 929~1126 新元古代超大陆碰撞拼合事件年龄 1300~1372 羌塘结晶基底主期变质作用年龄 2056~2432 羌塘变质结晶基底原岩年龄 [24] 黑云母片麻岩 198~223 班-怒洋的打开与岩浆活动 233~402 古特提斯洋的演化岩浆活动 420~465 加里东造山运动 522~645 羌塘地块与拉萨地块碰撞事件年龄 1666~1780 羌塘结晶基底主期变质作用年龄 2374~2498 太古代末全球超大陆拼合事件年龄 [25] 石英岩 520~700 泛非构造岩浆热事件 800~1100 格林威尔-晋宁构造岩浆热事件 > 1200 变质基底早期年龄纪录 [26] 石英砂岩 470~520 泛非运动晚期的岩浆热事件 580~800 格林威尔-晋宁构造岩浆热事件 950~1100 变质基底早期年龄记录 本文 石英岩屑砂岩 90~230（120） 班-怒洋演化岩浆活动 240~330 古特提斯洋演化岩浆活动 410~430 加里东造山运动 510~630 泛非构造岩浆热事件 720~1200（830） 新元古代超大陆碰撞拼合事件年龄 > 1200 变质基底早期年龄纪录（主变质年龄期在1280±60Ma左右）
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