The progress in the study of Cu-Au (Mo) deposits related to alkaline rocks
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摘要:
由于超过20%的大型-超大型铜-金（钼）矿床与碱性岩浆有关，因此，该类矿床引起矿床学家的广泛关注。碱性岩有关的铜-金矿床的成矿岩体、物化条件及围岩种类各具特色，成矿成因类型多样，主要的成因类型为斑岩型铜-金（钼）、浅成低温热液脉型金-铜（钼）。总体上，该类矿床的矿化和蚀变具有一定的特征：该类矿床多产出在伸展环境下、均富碲化物矿化、有大量的钾质交代作用、含有氟矿物质和钒云母等，成矿蚀变亦有一定的规律。长英质岩石中经常发生钾长石蚀变，而绢云母、碳酸盐和钾长石的混合蚀变常出现在中基性侵入岩中，水热合成石英和酸性蚀变十分罕见。这种特征矿化可能与碱性岩浆流体演化有关，这种流体富含CO2，且在高氧逸度、低硫逸度条件下释放。在伸展背景下的碱性-钙碱性省寻找此类矿床具有巨大的勘查潜力，尤其在碱性岩体中心及其外围可能形成勘探的靶区。在中国与碱性岩有关的金矿床亦有广阔的找矿前景, 在借鉴国外寻找此类矿床经验的同时，仍需加强对与矿化作用有关的岩浆体活动的研究。
Abstract:Cu-Au (Mo) deposits related to alkaline rocks have attracted more and more attention throughout the world, because more than 20% of the world-class Au-Cu (Mo) deposits are associated with shoshonitic and alkaline rocks. Although they include most of the usual types of Au-Cu (Mo) deposits such as porphyry type and gold-rich epithermal deposits, they share the same characteristics of mineralization and alteration on the whole. As a group, these deposits are characterized by Te-rich mineralization, abundant K metasomatism and minerals such as fluorite and roscoelite. Most of these unique mineralization characteristics may be attributed to the evolution of composition of orerelated alkaline magmas, and the fluids were under the condition of CO2-richness, relative oxidation and low sulfidation. Most Cu-Au (Mo) deposits developed in alkaline provinces in a stretching environment also constitute exploration targets in and around alkaline igneous centers. The perspectives of Cu-Au (Mo) deposits related to alkaline rocks in China are tremendous. To better find new deposits of this type, researchers should pay more attention to petrogenesis and their relation to Cu-Au mineralization.
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图 1 世界范围内与碱性岩有关的典型铜-金（钼）和碱性岩省分布
Figure 1. Locations of Cu-Au (Mo) ore districts and regions of alkaline magmatism
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图 2 与碱性岩有关的典型铜-金（钼）矿床及与之对应的成矿岩体硅碱图（a）和与碱性岩有关铜-金（钼）的成因类型中Au含量和Au/Ag值（重量比）对比图解（b）（还显示与碱性岩有关的铜-金矿化与传统矿床（其他矿化）的比较图）
Figure 2. Total alkaline versus silica diagram showing the compositions of igneous rocks from alkali-associated Cu-Au (Mo) systems (a), and Au content and Au/Ag ratios (in weight) of alkaline-related Cu-Au (Mo) deposits and other types (b)
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图 3 与碱性岩有关的斑岩-浅成低温热液矿床转化示意图
Figure 3. Diagram showing the generalized nature of the porphyry-epithermal transition in four Cu + Au (Mo) systems related to alkaline rocks
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表 1 全球范围内与碱性岩有关的典型的铜-金矿床
Table 1 Characteristics of selected gold and gold-bearing deposits related to alkaline magmatism
矿床名称 所在国家 金属量/t 有关碱性岩石 年龄/Ma 构造背景 参考文献 科里普柯里
Cripple Creek美国科罗拉多州 Au: 834t 安山岩-碱性玄武岩（煌斑岩）火山杂岩 31~28 弧后伸展，在格兰特河陆内裂谷之前 [24] 拉普拉塔
La Plata Mts美国科罗拉多州 Cu (Au) +PGE 碱性闪长岩、二长岩，基性正长岩（+煌斑岩） 65~70 造山后伸展 [25] 拉杜拉姆
Ladolam巴布亚新几内亚 Au: 1300t 合粗面安山岩-粗安岩-成层二长闪长岩岩体 ＜1 俯冲后伸展 [26] 亚波格尔
Porgera巴布亚新几内亚 Au: 660t 小型碱性辉长岩和镁铁质斑岩体 6 与陆弧碰撞有关的逆冲褶皱带 [27-28] 奥林匹克坝
Olympic dam澳大利亚 Cu: 2000×104t; Au: 1200t; U: 100×104t 正长花岗岩岩体酸性和碱性镁铁质-超 1590 陆内裂谷 [27] 帕拉博鲁瓦
Phalaborwa南非 Cu-Au: 425×104t Foskorite和碳酸岩侵入体 2060 陆内伸展 [29] 佐特曼-兰达斯基
Zortman-Landusky美国蒙大拿州 Au: 120t 石英二长岩和正常岩岩盘，丁古岩岩墙 62 弧后伸展环境断坪 [30] 恩派尔
Emperor斐济 Au (Cu): 130t 碱性基性火山岩被二长岩脉 3.8~4.8 弧碎片和裂谷活动有关 [31] 格奥克柯里可
Galore Creek加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省 Cu-Au-Ag: 125×104t, 0.4g/tAu; 1.06%Cu 碱性玄武岩、凝灰岩 三叠纪-早侏罗世 大陆增生之前或期间侵位到洋内岛弧 [32] 金阳光
Golden sunlight美国蒙大拿州 Au (Mo): 120t 石英二长岩，粗安岩，斑岩和煌斑岩 75~80 裂谷，深大断裂 [33] 世纪城
Central city美国卡罗拉多州 Au (Mo, U): 22t 淡色二长岩和正长岩，淡色二长岩脉，淡歪细晶岩 58~59 造山后伸展 [34] 塞拉布兰卡
Sirrra blanca新墨西哥州 Au-Cu-Mo 安山岩、粗面岩、二长岩、正长岩和粗安岩 新近世 瑞奥格兰德裂谷带边缘 [35] 古纳姆布拉
Goonumbla澳大利亚新南威尔士州 Cu (Au) -Zn: 15t Au 闪长岩，二长岩，石英二长岩和成矿后期的正长斑岩，晚期有基性岩脉 431~435 陆内伸展环境 [36] 东坪
Dongping中国华北克拉通 Au 正长岩岩体、粗安岩斑岩和煌斑岩岩脉 燕山期；140.3±1.4 陆内伸展环境 [37] 
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表 2 典型的与碱性岩有关的铜-金矿床的地质特征统计
Table 2 Basic geological features of selected gold and gold-bearing deposits related to alkaline magmatism
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