Seawater incursion event in Songliao Basin: New evi-dence from calcareous nannofossils of SK-1
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摘要:
松辽盆地作为中国最大的陆相含油气盆地, 是否发生过海水侵入一直存在争议, 化石能为该科学问题提供直接解释。在松科1井嫩江组一、二段发现了少量的钙质超微化石, 初步鉴定出Calculites obscurus, Calculites ovalis, Quadrum sp., Micula sp.等属种。上述钙质超微化石广泛分布于晚白垩世海相地层中, 通过与国际标准海相化石的对比, 将嫩江组一段中、下部的时代限定为Turonian晚期-Maastrichtian期。松辽盆地嫩江组一、二段下部的钙质超微化石保存总体一般, 有一定的多样性, 具有海相钙质超微化石的特征。松科1井钙质超微化石的分布、古生态及其与有孔虫化石的对应关系表明, 松辽盆地嫩江组一段中-下部、二段下部沉积期湖泊水域广阔, 全球海平面较高, 间歇性的海水侵入事件导致西北太平洋中的钙质超微浮游生物和有孔虫等海洋生物被带入松辽盆地。
Abstract:The Songliao Basin is the largest non-marine oil-bearing basin in China. Due to the absence of sufficient evidence, the hypothesis of seawater incursion(s) into the Songliao Basin remains controversial. Marine fossil materials can provide direct explana-tions. More recently, a few calcareous nannofossils were discovered from units 1 and 2 of the Nenjiang Formation in drill hole SK-1. In these fossils, some taxa have been positively identified, namely Calculites obscurus, Calculites ovalis, Quadrum sp., and Micula sp. They were distributed in marine environment of the Cretaceous. Based on comparisons of the calcareous nannofossil assemblages from global records, the age of units 1 of the Nenjiang Formation seems to have spanned from the latest Turonian to Maastrichtian. The nannofossils from the Songliao Basin have the marine origin, characterized by common diversity and abundance. The distribu-tion and paleoecology of the calcareous nannofossils as well as the co-existing foraminifera in the SK-1 provide further evidence for seawater incursion events in the Songliao Basin. The authors hold that periodical seawater incursion(s) brought calcareous nannofossils and foraminifera into the Songliao Basin during sedimentation of units 1 and 2 of the Nenjiang Formation, when both lake and sea were at high level.
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Keywords:
- calcareous nannofossils /
- seawater incursion /
- Songliao Basin /
- SK-1 /
- Nenjiang Formation /
- Cretaceous
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松辽盆地是世界最大的白垩纪湖盆之一,也是中国最大的陆相含油气盆地。青山口组和嫩江组一、二段沉积时期是盆地演化史上规模最大的湖侵阶段,导致湖相生物繁盛,形成了巨厚层的暗色泥岩、页岩和油页岩[1-2]。自20世纪70年代有学者提出松辽盆地的海侵事件以来,松辽盆地是否存在海侵成为长期争论的焦点[3-16]。由于化石,特别是微体化石在地层中的丰富性和对环境的灵敏性,使其成为研究海侵事件的常用手段,具有不可替代的作用。松科1井有孔虫的发现,业已为海侵事件提供了直接的证据[14]。尽管如此,要进一步证明海水侵入事件的存在,尚需要在松辽盆地找到更多的海相来源生物。钙质超微浮游生物为典型的海相生物,个体小,在白垩纪海洋中数量丰富,分布广泛,极易通过海水侵入事件带入松辽盆地。其形成的钙质超微化石是证实海水侵入事件的可靠证据。
对松辽盆地钙质超微化石的发现已有报道[8],所发现的化石数量有限,粗略报道于青山口组和嫩江组,未做系统描述,也缺乏确切的产出层位和分布状况。随着钙质超微化石在陆相含油气盆地中的不断发现,钙质超微化石对海侵事件的指示作用也受到质疑[17]。因此,要论证钙质超微化石的来源及其与海侵事件的关系,需要更深入的研究,特别是古生态分析。松辽盆地大陆科学钻探工程获取了从泉头组至明水组的完整岩心,已经进行了大量岩石地层、生物地层、年代地层和古环境、古气候等方面的研究[18-22],并且在嫩江组一、二段发现了比较丰富的有孔虫化石[14],在此基础上开展钙质超微化石的研究,通过分析钙质超微化石的生物层学和古生态特征,可以确定其是否属于典型的海相来源,为海水侵入事件的存在提供新的证据。
笔者在松科1井嫩江组一、二段发现了较为丰富的钙质超微化石。本文主要对这些化石予以报道,并进行初步的生物地层和古生态分析,为海水的侵入提供新的证据和时代约束。
1. 材料与方法
松科1井位于松辽盆地中央凹陷区(图 1),是世界上第一口陆相白垩纪科学钻井,由松科1井(南孔)和松科1井(北孔)构成。本次研究主要针对松科1井南孔的嫩江组下部。松科1井南孔取心井段为1915.00~968.17m,取心层段涉及泉三段上部至嫩二段下部的所有地层,其中嫩江组一段至二段下部的取心井段为1128.17~968.17m。嫩江组共分为5段,其中,嫩江组一段的岩性为深灰色、中深灰色、深绿灰色泥岩夹灰绿色砂质泥岩、粉砂岩及介形虫泥岩,下部夹劣质薄层油页岩,发育菱铁矿条带和薄层膨润土;嫩江组二段下部为灰黑色泥岩、页岩夹油页岩薄层,中部为灰色、灰黑色泥岩,上部为灰黑色泥岩夹薄层灰白色砂质泥岩、粉砂岩[18]。其中,嫩江组二段底部发育一套厚度为5~15m的油页岩,在全盆地广泛分布[2]。钙质超微化石样品采自松科1井南孔嫩江组一段底至二段下部黑色、深灰色泥岩中,其中在嫩江组一段中部的深灰色泥岩中发现了较多的钙质超微化石(图 2)。
本次共处理27件样品。钙质超微化石的处理方法为,取新鲜样品20g,敲碎至米粒大小,放入50ml的烧杯中,倒入添加了缓冲剂(pH=8.5的稀氨水)的蒸馏水40ml浸泡,并用玻璃棒搅拌使其充分散开。将浸入样品的小烧杯置于超声波震动器上震动5~9s,使其扩散,再充分搅拌,静置1~2min。转移上层浊液,静置1~2d,倒掉上部清液。用滴管吸取悬浊液滴到准备好的薄片上,用一次性牙签刷匀,并将此载玻片放置于恒温电热板上。在40~50℃下烘干悬浊液,向载玻片的中央滴入一滴中性树胶作为封入剂(折射率1.52),盖好盖玻片,并用玻璃棒赶走气泡。把处理好的玻片在常温下放置6~10d使封入剂凝固,即制成镜下薄片。本次研究使用配备了1000×油物镜头的Zeiss Axio lab A1显微镜,在正交偏光下对薄片进行拍照,采集器型号为AxioCam MRc5。钙质超微化石的观察和拍照在中国地质大学(北京)微体古生物实验室完成,化石保存在中国地质大学(北京)地层古生物教研室。
2. 钙质超微化石特征
在松科1井(南孔)嫩江组下部发现了比较丰富的钙质超微化石,选取完整的钙质超微化石35个。对一些保存较好的化石进行鉴定[23]①,初步识别出3属4种,包括Calculites obscurus,Calculites ovalis,Micula sp.,Quadrum sp.(图版Ⅰ)。这些钙质超微化石主要有如下特点:①个体大小多在4~9μm范围内;②保存总体一般,形态较完整,在偏光显微镜下发现大量破碎的化石碎片,化石在保存过程中大多遭受构造溶蚀;③分异度中等,丰度低,个别保存较好的样品中形态完整的化石可达数枚;④化石主要出现于嫩江组一段中、下部(图 2)。此外,在嫩江组一段下部和二段下部亦发现少量疑似钙质超微化石,但尚需开展进一步的工作。
3. 钙质超微化石的地质时代及古生态
3.1 地质时代
根据松科1井(南孔)的锆石U-Pb年龄和磁性地层,前人认为嫩江组一段—二段的时代属于Santonian晚期—Campanian早期[20-21];基于对松科1井孢粉、有孔虫和介形类化石的研究,嫩江组一段—二段的时代为Santonian晚期—Campanian早期[14, 22, 24-25]。本次在化石鉴定的基础上,将松辽盆地钙质超微化石与典型海相钙质超微化石的分布进行对比,为嫩江组一段的时代提供了新的古生物证据。Calculites obscurus延续时限从Turonian期到Maastrichtian期,Calculites ovalis延续时限从Coniacian中期到Maastrichtian期,Micula sp.延续时限从Coniacian晚期到Maastrichtian晚期,Quadrum sp.延续时限从Turonian期到Campanian早期[23, 26-27]①。上述化石产于嫩江组一段中下部,综合分析化石的时代分析可以得出,嫩江组一段中下部对应的时代大致限于Turonian晚期—Maastrichtian期。钙质超微化石指示的时代与已有的结果总体比较一致,但缺乏可以精确限定时代的分子。
3.2 古生态
钙质超微化石广泛分布于侏罗纪、白垩纪以来的海相地层中,其个体微小、数量众多、演化迅速,能够反映海水温度、盐度等变化。钙质超微化石一般出现于正常海洋的沉积物中,只有较特殊的钙质超微化石偶见于海陆过渡相地层[28-29],极少数的属可以生存于淡水,如Hymenomonas,但因其不具备钙质骨骼而无法保存为化石,因而钙质超微化石可作为海相环境的标志[30]。孙镇城等[18]研究过咸化湖泊沉积中的钙质超微化石,发现其具有丰度低、数量极其稀少且属种分异度低、类型异常单调等特点[17]。
本次发现的钙质超微化石丰度较高,具有一定的多样性。通过与全球晚白垩世钙质超微化石的对比,发现这些钙质超微化石在属级上特征明显,一般见于滨海和浅海环境[26],推测可能是海水侵入,将西北太平洋滨浅海地带的钙质超微化石带入松辽盆地。虽然松辽盆地钙质超微化石具有一些海相钙质超微化石的特征,丰度和分异度明显大于内陆半咸水类型,但与典型的海相地层相比,丰度和分异度仍相对较低,部分化石存在一定程度的变形,推测可能由于侵入的海水与松辽古湖盆淡水混合,导致海水盐度降低,只有部分钙质超微生物存活下来。
4. 松科1井钙质超微化石对海水侵入事件的指示
松科1井钙质超微化石的分布时代和古生态表明,其来源于Turonian晚期—Maastrichtian期的海洋环境,系海水侵入时将西北太平洋中的钙质超微浮游生物带入松辽盆地。钙质超微化石与有孔虫化石的分布层位比较一致,在这些层位中已发现了底栖钙质壳有孔虫Gavlinella sp., Anomalinoides sp., Pullenia sp., 胶结壳有孔虫Haplophragmoides sp., Karrorulina hokkaidoana, Clavulinoides sp.和浮游有孔虫Archaeoglobigerina blowi, Archaeoglobigerina cretacea, Hedbergella flandrini[14],来源于西北太平洋[32-33]。钙质超微化石和有孔虫化石作为晚白垩世全球海洋中最丰富的2个微体古生物门类,在松辽盆地均有发现,且分布层位基本一致,进一步指示了海水侵入事件的存在。此外,松辽盆地嫩江组亦有海相来源的鱼类、双壳类、沟鞭藻、孢粉、分子古生物等海侵证据的报道[3-5, 12],为松辽盆地存在海水侵入事件的存在提供了比较可靠的古生物证据。
松辽盆地在晚白垩世属于大型近海构造湖盆,在嫩江组一、二段沉积期发生了大规模的湖侵,湖水加深,变为深湖-半深湖环境,湖泊水域面积迅速扩大,甚至超过现今盆地的范围[34]。白垩纪处于全球高海平面时期,Conician末期—Campanian早期,全球的海平面虽然较白垩纪中期略有下降,但海平面仍较高,且波动明显[35]。在高湖平面和高海平面时期,作为近海湖盆,松辽盆地极易发生海水侵入事件。松辽盆地钙质超微、有孔虫等化石的发现表明,在嫩江组一、二段沉积期存在湖海沟通事件,导致海水间歇性地侵入松辽盆地,造成水体盐度分层和钙质超微浮游生物的繁盛。
致谢: 中国地质大学(北京)王成善院士和松科1井全体研究人员在化石采样和发现过程中提供了支持和帮助,苏新和Sherwood Wise教授在化石鉴定方面予以指导,蔡司显微镜公司在化石拍照方面提供便利条件,欧强和余晓恩博士提供了有益的建议,在此一并表示感谢。 -
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