Abstract: Since the 1980s, the Silurian vertebrate fossils including agnathans, chondrichthans and placoderms have been discovered in the Kalpin and Bachu area of Tarim Basin. These discoveries reveal the paleogeographic pattern of Tarim Basin in the Silurian period, and further suggest that the Tarim Block should belong to the Tarim-Yangtze Vertebrate Paleobiogeographic Province in Silurian. In this paper, the authors have described the vertebrate fossils from the cores of the boreholes and analyzed characteristics of the sedimentary facies and the paleoenvironment. The results provide scientific basis for the prospecting of oil and gas.