壶穴、锅穴、冰臼、岩臼等术语的辨析与使用建议

    Discrimination and analysis of terms such as “pothole”, “kettle” and “glacial pothole” and suggestions about their usage

    • 摘要: 由于专家喜好不同和几本权威汉语专业辞典互不一致,壶穴、锅穴、冰臼、岩臼等术语的使用和理解存在着较严重的混乱状况。①本文建议应统一将“pothole”译为壶穴,表示基岩表面因侵蚀而形成的一种凹坑;“kettle hole” 或“kettle”译为锅穴,代表冰川沉积区因冰体融化而形成的洼地。②对于“冰臼”、“岩臼”的使用,两作者亦未能达成共识:吕洪波建议继续使用“冰臼”,等同于“冰川壶穴”,对应于“glacial pothole”,摒弃“岩臼”这一新的提法; 章雨旭建议修改“壶穴”的原始定义,不再强调其快速旋转水流成因,仅强调其“口小、肚大、底平”的形态特征,同时摒弃“冰臼”和“岩臼”等术语,仅用“壶穴”一词,若强调“壶穴”的不同成因,可在其前面加注成因术语,如“冰川壶穴”、“河成壶穴”、“风化壶穴”等。③对于其他凹坑,有专用名称的用专用名称,如风化穴(tafoni)、风蚀凹槽、风龛(alcove)等;没有的则用一般词汇,称为“坑”、“穴”、“洞”(pit, hollow, cavity)等。

       

      Abstract: In the past decade, many papers or reports related to potholes in North China and controversies on the derivation of potholes have been published in various academic journals and media. However, different authors used different Chinese terms to designate pothole and kettle and describe the same kind of erosion landform; some researchers used the term “pothole” to describe different erosion structures; and some authors even fabricated a new term to replace the word “pothole”. This confusion is not good for researchers to fully understand the basic meaning and usage of the related terms. The authors analyzed the definitions of pothole, kettle, moulin etc., giving a suggestion on the usage and their corresponding Chinese terms. However, the authors share different views for the usage of “pothole”. The first author, who considers that the potholes found in North China so far are of glacial origin and stresses that the original definition of pothole should be observed and thus the pothole origin of fast whirling current or meltwater should be specified. Therefore, the term “pothole” should not be used to describe the hollows of other origins. The second author, who considers that the so-called “potholes” in North China may be formed by differential weathering and suggests that the origin, i.e. derivation by fast whirling water, should be deleted from the original definition of pothole, so that the term “pothole” can be used to describe all the structural hollows only if they are smooth, roughly circular, bowl-shaped or cylindrical hollows formed on the surface of bedrocks, and if needed, the origin description words should be added before the word “pothole”, such as “glacial pothole” and “differential weathering pothole”.

       

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