Objective The Huaqingchi geothermal field in Lintong is located in the central−eastern part of the Guanzhong Basin, with abundant geothermal resources. However, due to the low level of research in the study area, the development of geothermal resources lacks a theoretical basis, which has led to problems such as insufficient utilization of geothermal resources and declining water levels caused by over−exploitation. In response to these issues, further research is required.

Methods This paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of the Huaqingchi geothermal field using hydrogeochemical methods and stable isotope methods.

Results The hydrochemical types of geothermal field geothermal water in Huaqingchi are mainly HCO₃·Cl−Na, SO₄·Cl−Na and Cl−Na types, the transformation of ionic components is primarily controlled by the dissolution of silicate minerals and evaporite minerals, as well as cation exchange and adsorption processes. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope data indicate that no significant "oxygen drift" phenomenon is observed in the geothermal water of the study area, which suggests a weak intensity of water−rock interaction and implies that the geothermal water is in a relatively open environment. Combined with isotope analysis results, atmospheric precipitation in the Lishan Mountain area is identified as the primary recharge source of the geothermal water, with the calculated recharge elevation ranging from 426.27 m to 1032.15 m. By employing multiple geothermometric methods and relevant analytical approaches, the thermal reservoir temperature of the Huaqingchi geothermal field is estimated to be 53.90~110.59℃, and the circulation depth is determined to be 1393.30~2751.27 m. Based on the aforementioned data and comprehensive analysis, a genetic conceptual model of the Huaqingchi geothermal field has been established.

Conclusions The Huaqingchi geothermal field is a convective−conductive composite low−to−medium temperature geothermal system, where heat transfer is mainly dominated by the coupling of convection and conduction. This geothermal field possesses a unique genetic model characterized by bed−controlled geothermal reservoirs, lateral runoff recharge, and an abnormal deep thermal structure. The recharge mechanism, thermal reservoir characteristics, and genetic laws of geothermal water revealed in this study can provide solid theoretical support and data reference for the scientific exploration, rational development and utilization, and standardized management of geothermal resources in the Guanzhong Basin.