Objective Ecological protection and restoration is an important means to deal with ecosystem degradation, improve biodiversity, and enhance ecosystem stability and sustainability. It has become a focus of global attention. Ecosystem diversity, stability, and sustainability are important indicators of ecosystem health, and their coupling relationship plays a key role in ecological restoration. In recent years, research on ecological protection and restoration has gradually shifted from single−function restoration to multi−objective comprehensive evaluation, while existing studies rarely comprehensively explore the relationship between ecological restoration and these three. Starting from the perspective of the coupling of the three−dimensional characteristics of ecosystem diversity, stability, and sustainability, this paper sorts out the spatial scale differences of ecological restoration measures, analyzes how ecological restoration affects the three−dimensional characteristics of ecosystems by affecting ecosystem structure, processes, and function, and studies the indicators and evaluation methods for evaluating the effectiveness of ecological restoration based on the three−dimensional characteristics of ecosystems.

Methods Based on literature review, theoretical analysis, and comparative analysis, this study examines the spatial scale differences of ecological restoration measures, analyzes how ecological restoration affects the three-dimensional characteristics of ecosystems by influencing their structure, processes, and functions, and explores the indicators and evaluation methods for assessing the effectiveness of ecological restoration on these three-dimensional ecosystem characteristics.

Results Studies have found that ecological restoration can significantly improve the diversity, stability and sustainability of ecosystems by improving ecological patterns and functions, and there is a close coupling relationship among the three. By summarizing existing evaluation methods and selecting indicators, this paper proposed an ecological restoration effectiveness evaluation framework based on the perspective of the coupling relationship among ecosystem diversity, stability, and sustainability.

Conclusions In the future, we need to deepen the research on the interactions within the three−dimensional characteristics of ecosystems, explore the impact mechanism of ecological restoration on the three−dimensional characteristics of ecosystems, strengthen and optimize the research on the ecological restoration effectiveness evaluation system based on the status of ecosystems, propose an ecological restoration effectiveness evaluation system based on three−dimensional ecological characteristics, and use artificial intelligence technology to optimize the ecological restoration evaluation method, in order to provide a new perspective and technical support for the effectiveness evaluation of ecological restoration.