Crustal reworking and maturation in the Chinese Altai orogenic belt: Insights from magmatism, deformation and metamorphism
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摘要:
活动大陆边缘巨型杂岩系如何演化成为成熟大陆的一部分，仍是一个亟待深入探究的重要科学问题。位于中亚造山带腹地的中国阿尔泰地区记录了复杂的地壳改造历史，同时也具备了成熟大陆地壳结构,是研究增生杂岩改造和大陆地壳成熟化的天然实验室。为此，本文以中国阿尔泰造山作用主期（志留纪—泥盆纪）为重点，系统总结了其增生杂岩在变质-变形、深熔作用及花岗岩化方面的进展。研究表明：①奥陶系增生杂岩在志留纪—泥盆纪经历了挤压-伸展-挤压的变形改造，并发育广泛的深熔作用；②地球化学对比和热力学模拟揭示，区内志留纪—泥盆纪花岗岩可能来源于奥陶系增生杂岩的深熔作用；③区域变形过程促进了地壳分异和成熟大陆地壳结构的形成。综合区域研究资料，认为志留纪—泥盆纪强烈地壳改造作用与该区域俯冲体系中俯冲板片前进和后撤的反复转换过程密切相关，后者控制了造山带中的地壳深熔、流动及成熟化过程。活动大陆边缘强烈的地壳改造作用造成增生杂岩转变为成熟大陆地壳，可能是增生型大陆地壳成熟化的又一重要机制。
Abstract:Giant accretionary complexes form at active margins by scraping off oceanic sediments from the subducting plate. Whether or not those compositionally complicated accretionary complexes would be ultimately transformed into mature continent crust remains an unsolved question that calls for further investigation. The Chinese Altai section of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), the largest accretionary orogenic belt on the earth, preserves complicated tectono−thermal geological records and is characterized by formation of mature continental crust, making it a natural laboratory for studying the reworking of accretionary complexes and their evolution into mature continental crust. This paper focuses on the main orogenic period (Silurian−Devonian) of the Chinese Altai and systematically summarizes its recent research progresses in terms of metamorphism−deformation, anatexis, and granitization. ① The Ordovician accretionary complex underwent multiple−stage deformation involving compression−extension−compression during the Silurian−Devonian period, accompanied by intense metamorphism and widespread anatexis during the extensional deformation stage; ② The Ordovician accretionary complexes and most Silurian−Devonian granites in the region exhibited significant similarities in their geochemical characteristics. More importantly, the chemical compositions of Silurian−Devonian granites resemble those of the modelled partial melts of the accretionary complex under regional anatexis P−T conditions. ③ Regional deformation processes facilitated crustal differentiation and the formation of mature continental crust. Together with regional available data, this contribution proposes that the intense crustal reworking during the Silurian−Devonian of the Chinese Altai Orogenic Belt was related to changes in the dynamics of the related supra−subduction system. The cyclic switching between subduction advance and retreat in accretionary orogenic belts could lead to changes of regional stress field and provide anomalous heat source for crustal anatexis, thus control the processes of crustal anatexis and mass redistribution. In these regards, anatexis of accretionary complexes, plays a pivotal role on transformation of active continental margin sediments into compositionally differentiated mature continental crust. This may be a key mechanism contributing to the peripheral continental growth in accretionary orogenic belts in general.
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图 1 中亚造山带大地构造位置图（a，据Windley et al., 2018修改）、蒙古拼贴体地质简图（b，据Jiang et al., 2017修改）和中国阿尔泰地质简图（c）
Figure 1. Outline of the CAOB (a) and simplified geological maps of the western Mongolian (b), and the Chinese Altai (c)
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图 2 中国阿尔泰造山带志留纪—泥盆纪变形-变质过程模式图（据Wang et al., 2021; Jiang et al., 2022修改）
a—中国阿尔泰志留—泥盆纪构造变形过程；b—中低级变质哈巴河群岩石（未熔融）记录的志留纪—泥盆纪变质作用P（压力）−T（温度）轨迹图；c—混合岩化哈巴河群岩石（熔融）记录的志留纪—泥盆纪变质作用P（压力）−T（温度）轨迹图（数据据Wei et al., 2007; Jiang et al., 2015, 2019; Broussolle et al., 2019）；b，c右侧的插图分别展示了不同演化阶段未熔融和熔融哈巴河群岩石的变形-变质过程（无论是未熔融还是熔融的哈巴河群都共同经历了D1B期的变形-变质，发育巴罗型变质矿物组合；此外，熔融的哈巴河群经历了显著的D1M期的熔融过程，在造山带下地壳深度形成混合岩并同时发育含矽线石的高温S1M面理。未熔融和熔融的哈巴河群岩石都受到区域直立褶皱F2的影响）。grt—石榴子石；ky—蓝晶石；sill—矽线石；st—十字石；and—红柱石；ksp—钟长石；ms—白云母；cd—堇青石
Figure 2. Silurian-Devonian tectono-metamorphic evolution of the Chinese Altai orogenic belt
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图 3 中国阿尔泰志留纪—泥盆纪花岗岩地球化学特征（据Jiang et al., 2016; Huang et al., 2020修改）
a—CaO/(MgO + TFeO)−Al2O3/(MgO + TFeO)图解（底图据Gerdes et al., 2002）；b—Rb/Sr−Rb/Ba图解（底图据Sylvester, 1998）
Figure 3. Geochemical characteristics of the Silurian-Devonian granites in the Chinese Altai
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图 4 中国阿尔泰志留纪—泥盆纪花岗岩和哈巴河群变沉积岩（包括火山质组分和陆源碎屑组分）的 Nd 同位素特征（a）和两阶段Nd模式年龄图（b）（据Huang et al., 2020修改）
Figure 4. Nd isotopic diagrams (a) and two stage Nd model ages (b) for Silurian-Devonian granitoids and the Habahe Group metasedimentary rocks in the Chinese Altai
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图 5 哈巴河群深熔模拟熔体与区域志留纪—泥盆纪花岗岩类成分对比（地球化学图解据Conrad et al., 1988; Patiño et al., 1995; Montel et al., 1997修改，数据据Jiang et al., 2016; Huang et al., 2020）
Figure 5. Geochemical projection for partial melts modelled from Habahe Group metasedimentary rocks and granitoids of the Chinese Altai are shown for comparison
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图 6 变熔混合岩中代表性构造特征
a—叠层状变熔混合岩，浅色体条带和中间体之间存在富云母的暗色体（白色箭头所示）；b—熔体在F2褶皱的作用下向褶皱轴面富集；c—熔体含量较多的变熔混合岩中, 褶皱的叠层状混合岩中含熔体的 S1M 面理被置换成近直立的含熔体S2面理，近直立的浅色体也相互连通成网状结构，并在F2褶皱轴部大量富集而形成局部的深熔混合岩，深熔混合岩中有很多块状和条带状的变熔混合岩残留体，这些残留体大致定向排列，指示了S2的方向
Figure 6. Representative structures of metatexite
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图 7 深熔混合岩中代表性构造特征
a—含条带状暗色残留体的深熔混合岩；b—含块状暗色残留体的深熔混合岩中，暗色残留体仍保留了叠层状变熔混合岩的浅色体条带结构；c—区域褶皱核部深熔混合岩中的块状暗色残留体沿着S2面理方向被拉伸成纺锤形；d—区域褶皱翼部深熔混合岩中块状残留体呈“σ”型和逐渐分解状态，指示与 S2面理方向呈一定角度的岩浆流动
Figure 7. Representative structures of diatexite
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图 8 花岗岩中代表性构造特征
a—被逐步分解的暗色残留体在与花岗岩的边界上呈向上的拖曳的结构；b—黑云母花岗岩中自形的黑云母、长石定向排列形成平行于S2的岩浆面理，花岗岩中局部有暗色体的残留，并沿岩浆面理S2的方向拉长；c—二云母花岗岩中拉长的石英、长石和云母定向排列形成亚固相线下面理；d—穹隆核部花岗岩中的发育的显著线性构造
Figure 8. Representative structures of granites
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图 9 中国阿尔泰深熔地壳水平和垂向流动及花岗岩-混合岩穹隆形成的演化简图（据Wang et al., 2021修改）
a—阶段1：D1M期地壳水平伸展减薄，造成地壳深部地壳熔融和形成具有近水平浅色体的叠层状混合岩；b—阶段2：D2 期地壳水平缩短，岩浆网状通道开始形成；随着地壳缩短的持续，混合岩逐渐失去其固态框架，深熔熔体开始发生迁移并聚集；c—阶段3：D2 期直立褶皱发展阶段，可能伴随着熔体浮力抬升，导致褶皱扩大和岩浆的聚集
Figure 9. Interpretative spatial evolution of the migmatite-granite domes in the Chinese Altai, showing horizontal-vertical flow of Devonian anatectic crust in association with regional deformation
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图 10 露头尺度上浅色体汇聚形成直立的漏斗形结构（利于深熔熔体沿破碎岩体进入并卷入、旋转及熔融该岩体）
Figure 10. A representative field photo showing migration of partial melts in sub-vertical funneling networks, in which the surrounding rocks were disassembled and rotated
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图 11 阿尔泰增生楔的构造-热演化与俯冲体系交替前进-后撤的构造示意图（据Kong et al., 2022修改）
a—寒武纪−早奥陶世增生楔与岩浆弧形成；b—中奥陶世−早志留世增生楔体系增厚；c—晚志留世−早泥盆世地壳伸展伴随深溶作用；d—中泥盆世−早石炭世水平方向缩短伴随地壳尺度褶皱
Figure 11. Tectonic models of the tectono-thermal evolution and alternating advance-retreat of the subduction system in the Altai accretionary wedge
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