Objective This study aims to reveal the geological background and geothermal field characteristics of the Tianshui area in Gansu Province, to establish a genetic model of geothermal fields, and to evaluate their development and utilization potential.

Methods Based on extensive geothermal exploration data and previous research, this study comprehensively applies GIS spatial analysis, geological synthesis, and geophysical interpretation methods to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of the geothermal field, investigate the coupling relationship between fault structures and geothermal fields, and construct a genetic model of geothermal formation. On this basis, the geothermal resource development potential is assessed from the perspectives of geological conditions and environmental constraints.

Results The results show that the average terrestrial heat flow in the Tianshui area is 80.16 mW/m², which is significantly higher than the average value of the Chinese mainland. The spatial patterns of heat flow and geothermal gradient are generally consistent, showing a “high in the center and low around” distribution. The geothermal field is mainly controlled by the uplift of the Moho surface. Geothermal fields are concentrated in the intersections of active faults, where deep circulation heating serves as the main heat source mechanism. Fault structures function as both heat and water conduits. The primary thermal reservoirs consist of granites and metamorphic rocks overlain by Neogene and Quaternary strata, and atmospheric precipitation serves as the main recharge source.

Conclusions The Tianshui area possesses favorable geothermal resource conditions with high geothermal flux and stable heat sources, demonstrating significant potential for geothermal energy development. It is suitable for diversified utilization, including integrated energy applications and geothermal tourism.