Spatial heterogeneity characteristics of ground substrate in hilly area and its impact on vegetation ecology
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摘要:
地表基质是地球表层孕育和支撑森林、草原、水、湿地等各类自然资源的基础物质，受地球关键带空间结构、元素特征等因素的影响，山丘区地表基质呈现明显的空间异质性特征，并显著影响着所属植被的空间分布和生态演化。研究地表基质空间异质性特征及其对植被生态的影响机理，对于进一步认识地球关键带结构及地表作用规律，支撑国土空间生态环境修复具有重要意义。以宁波山丘区地表基质为研究对象，采取剖面研究和样品测试的方法，从地表基质空间结构和元素特征角度，对花岗岩、流纹岩和玄武岩3类典型地表基质空间异质性进行了分析。研究发现，花岗岩类具有土质粗、透水性强等特点，流纹岩类具有土质较粗、浅表透气好等特点，玄武岩类具有土质细、通气性差等特点。此外，花岗岩类主量和微量元素较缺乏，流纹岩类富含Mo和Zn，玄武岩类富含Fe、Mg、Co、Cu、Zn等元素，且玄武岩CIA值明显高于花岗岩和流纹岩。结果表明，山丘区地表基质空间异质性主要受基岩的结构和元素组成影响，并对植被生长产生明显的生态效应。地表基质的空间结构主要影响水分的分布与运移，元素特征影响着养分的分布状况，由此引起的水分和养分的空间分布和丰度差异直接影响着植被生长。
Abstract:The ground substrate is the basic material of the Earth's surface layer that nurtures and supports various natural resources such as forests, grasslands, water and wetlands, etc. Influenced by the spatial structure of the Earth's key zones and elemental characteristics, the ground substrate of the hill area presents obvious spatial heterogeneity characteristics, and significantly influences the spatial distribution of the vegetation belonging to it and its ecological evolution.The study of the spatial heterogeneity characteristics of the ground substrate and its impact on vegetation ecology is of great significance for further understanding the structure and surface process laws of the Earth's critical zone, and supporting the restoration of the national territorial space ecological environment. Taking the ground substrate of Ningbo hill area as the research object, this paper analyzes the spatial heterogeneity of three typical surface matrices, namely granite, rhyolite and basalt, from the perspective of the spatial structure and elemental characteristics of the ground substrate by adopting the methods of sectional research and sample testing. It was found that the granite group is characterized by coarse soil and high permeability, the rhyolite group is characterized by coarser soil and good shallow−surface permeability, and the basalt group is characterized by fine soil and poor aeration. In addition, the main trace elements of granite type are deficient, rhyolite type is rich in Mo and Zn, basalt type is rich in Fe, Mg, Co, Cu and Zn, and the CIA value of basalt is significantly higher than that of granite and rhyolite. The results showed that the spatial heterogeneity of the ground substrate in the hilly area was mainly influenced by the structure and elemental composition of the bedrock, and had obvious ecological effects on the growth of vegetation. The spatial structure of the ground substrate mainly affects the distribution and transportation of water, and the elemental characteristics affect the distribution of nutrients, and the resulting differences in the spatial distribution and abundance of water and nutrients have a direct impact on the growth of vegetation.
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图 1 宁波山丘区地表基质分布及剖面采样位置
Figure 1. Distribution of ground substrate and sampling locations of profiles in Ningbo hilly area
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图 3 不同点位地表基质质地粒度分布曲线（ A、B、C 分别对应点位的淋溶层、淀积层、母质层）
Figure 3. Grain size distribution curves of surface substrates at different point locations
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图 4 主量元素（a）和与微量元素（b）含量变化特征（A、B、C、R分别对应点位的淋溶层、淀积层、母质层、基岩层）
Figure 4. The variation characteristics of main elements (a) and the trace elements (b)
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图 5 不同点位单元素养分含量评价图
Figure 5. Evaluation map of component content of unit literacy at different points
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图 6 地表基质垂向元素迁移系数图
KA—表层K值；KC—母质层K值；KR—基岩层K值
Figure 6. Vertical element migration coefficient of ground substrate
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图 7 地表基质异质性演化示意图
A—淋溶层；B—淀积层；C—母质层；R—基岩；a—风化作用；b—水文作用；c—生物化学作用
Figure 7. Schematic diagram of ground substrate heterogeneity evolution
表 1 各类指标测定方法
Table 1 Measurement methods for indicators
检测项目 分析方法 检测仪器 Al2O3、CaO、K2O、MgO、MnO、Na2O、SiO2、TFe2O3、P2O5、TiO2 X射线荧光光谱法 X射线荧光
光谱仪FeO 基准重铬酸钾溶液滴定 — As、Cd、Co、Cu、
Mo、Pb、V 、Zn电感耦合等离子体质谱法 等离子质谱仪 Cl 粉末压片-X射线
荧光光谱法X射线荧光
光谱仪F 离子选择电极法 离子选择性电极 Hg 蒸汽发生-冷原子荧光
光谱法原子荧光光谱仪 N 凯氏法 — 
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表 2 地表基质风化强度CIA指数
Table 2 CIA index of weathering strength of surface substrates
点位 层位 CIA 点位 层位 CIA D106 淋溶层 73.09 D206 淋溶层 77.98 母质层 79.68 淀积层 83.36 D204 淋溶层 74.95 母质层 92.29 母质层 77.03 D302 淋溶层 85.86 D303 淋溶层 97.62 淀积层 87.74 母质层 95.96 母质层 98.26
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表 3 三种典型地表基质的植被适宜条件
Table 3 Vegetation suitability conditions for three typical ground substrate
地表基质
类型养分特征 水分制约 优势根系 适宜植被 花岗岩类 缺乏，富K、Mo 深层水分
较丰富垂直根系 松、杉、
灌木等流纹岩类 缺乏—中等，富K、Zn、P 上坡相对缺水，下
坡水分供给丰富垂直根系、辐射根系 槭、栎、竹、茶等多类
植被玄武岩类 多数元素丰富 水分充沛，
中层隔水辐射根系、串珠根系 杉、竹、茶等多类植被
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