Abstract: The Tarim River Basin in Xinjiang is a key ecological reserve in China, and the study of soil conservation in the basin is beneficial to the functional zoning of soil and water conservation and the layout of soil and water conservation management measures, and plays an important role in regional ecological restoration and maintenance. Based on the rainfall, soil and topography data of the upper Tarim River Basin from 2000 to 2020, the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE model) is used to estimate the soil erosion and soil conservation of the watershed soils under hydraulic erosion from 2000 to 2020, analyse their spatial and temporal variation patterns, and conduct a sensitivity analysis on the soil conservation to its influencing factors. The results show that soil erosion and soil retention in the basin are characterised by micro- and micro-erosion. The results show that: soil erosion in the watershed is mainly slight and mild, and the area of soil erosion is generally decreasing from 2000 to 2020; the spatial distribution of soil conservation shows a pattern of high in the middle and low in the surroundings, and the intensity of soil conservation is enhanced to a certain extent from 2000 to 2020; rainfall, topography and land use are the main driving factors of soil conservation changes, and the soil conservation capacity is increasing with the amount of The results of the evaluation reveal that the soil conservation capacity of the study area is increasing in a gradient with the amount of precipitation and vegetation cover in general. The evaluation results reveal the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of soil conservation in the study area, as well as the sensitivity of soil conservation to the driving factors, and the results of the study can provide guidance for the control of soil erosion and ecological conservation in the watershed.