Abstract: In recent years, China has changed remarkably in the policy of mineral resources. In the energy resource structure, the government reduces the use of polluting resources such as coal and regards the natural gas as the main source for residential heating in the future. At the same time, the government limits the production of some metal products with high energy consumption and high warm gas emission. In the aspect of mineral development, the government imposes restrictions on mass development and export of minerals that will cause fast reduction of reserves or lead to high pollution, and emphasizes the use of foreign resources to meet the needs of the country. Silk Road Economic Belt roughly includes China's northwest provinces and five Central Asian countries. These countries are rich in mineral resources and hope to attract foreign investment and advanced technology to develop their own mineral economy and improve the living standards of local residents. The demand of China and that of Central Asia seem to interact with each other, which can lay a good foundation for the government, enterprises and geological prospecting units to participate in the development of mineral resources in Central Asia. This paper reviews the current situation of mineral resources development and utilization in China and Central Asia's countries. Based on the external environment, resource complementarity, environmental protection, and infrastructure, this paper analyzes the opportunities and challenges of China's government, enterprises and geological prospecting units in the development of mineral resources in Central Asia. Aimed at solving the above problems, this paper puts forward the suggestions on the requirement docking, resource integration, environmental assessment, base construction and other related countermeasures.